Deck 10: Changing Concepts of the Body: An Overview of Sport and Play in Nineteenth-Century America

Question 1

Which of the following is true? During the 19^th century

A) America underwent rapid change in the areas of technology, modernization, demographics, and philosophy.
B) America moved from an agrarian economy to an urban industrial economy.
C) advances in communication provided access to large amounts of information.
D) mass production of sports equipment occurred.
E) All of the above.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Technology and inventions impacted on sport by which of the following?

A) Mass transit enabled large numbers of "fans" to ride electric streetcars to professional baseball games.
B) Developed artificial ice for skating rinks.
C) Developing golf balls which traveled farther and necessitated the lengthening of golf courses.
D) Using cameras to record athletes and sporting events.
E) All of the above.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

According to historian John R. Betts

A) industrialization and the urban movement were the basic causes for the rise of organized sport.
B) athletics and outdoor recreational activities provided people with opportunities to "escape" or be released from the confinements of living in the city.
C) physical education was minimally impacted by industrialization and the urban movement.
D) A and B only.
E) None of the above.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

During the Nineteenth-Century, what two major philosophical movements developed in the United States?

A) Transcendentalism and Pragmatism
B) Rationalism and Realism
C) Pragmatism and Puritanism
D) Manifest Destiny and Imperialism
E) None of the above.

Question 5

The New England Transcendentalists

A) were politicians who lived in Boston and played baseball on Boston Common from 1836-1860.
B) were a group of writers and critics who lived around Concord, Mass. From 1836 - 1860.
C) were influenced by German philosophers Kant, Fichte, and Hegel.
D) rejected the narrow rationalism, pietism, and conservative views of 18^th century American Intellectuals.
E) B, C, and D only.

Question 6

The New England Transcendentalists

A) developed a philosophy that was eclectic and individualistic.
B) believed in the authority of the individual.
C) rejected the idea of metaphysical dualism.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 7

The New England Transcendentalists

A) believed that humans are a natural part of the universe, the mind and body are as one--they did not believe in dualism.
B) were strong dualists.
C) concentrated on developing the mind, not the body.
D) were "anti-physical".
E) B, C, and D only.

Question 8

Which of the following is true of the New England Transcendentalists?

A) Believed that nature is "real" and humans are a very important part of nature.
B) Imagination was better than reason and creativity was more important than theory.
C) Action is more important than contemplation.
D) Transcendentalist values helped make many types of sport and physical education necessary and important.
E) All of the above.

Question 9

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)

A) was a writer and poet.
B) interested in the mind, and the nature of the self.
C) wrote essays that connected the physical with the mental and by doing this, helped lead Americans out of the dualistic approach to life advocated by the Puritans of New England.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 10

Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)

A) was tied to the New England Transcendentalists.
B) spent much of his life in the wilderness near Walden Pond attempting to understand the relationship between mankind and nature.
C) believed that humans were at their best when they "lived as one" with nature which made the physical aspects of life very important.
D) believed in Individual Freedom - sometimes rebellion against authority was the right thing to do.
E) All of the above.

Question 11

Charles Darwin

A) had a profound impact on science and philosophy.
B) wrote "The Making of Civilization" and "Evolution of the Human Race".
C) wrote "The Origin of the Species" and "The Descent of Man".
D) A and C only.
E) A and B only.

Question 12

Which of the following is true of Charles Darwin?

A) His work is not important to the development and advancement of physical education.
B) His work supported the account found in the Bible concerning the origin of mankind.
C) His research and subsequent report were eagerly accepted as fact by Christians.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 13

The work of Darwin

A) provided a scientifically convincing explanation for the origin of the human species and by doing this, contradicted the prevailing explanation known as the "doctrine of special creation".
B) resulted in the finding (belief) that our ability to think is a product of biology, not a "special gift".
C) legitimized the use of our physical senses to "reason" so that we can, indeed, understand the material world.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 14

The Metaphysical Club

A) was composed of intellectuals who believed that metaphysical inquiry was by far the best way to determine reality.
B) was composed of intellectuals at Harvard University who sought to undermine traditional . metaphysical beliefs; they were opposed to metaphysics
C) was a group of Harvard athletes who studied philosophy and awarded the "scholar-athlete" trophy to the best Harvard athlete each year.
D) was formed by a group of professors at Yale who provided students with instruction in metaphysical . inquiry, specifically as it relates to the philosophical position of the body.
E) None of the above.

Question 15

Charles S. Peirce (1839-1914)

A) was the founder of pragmatism.
B) rejected everything Descartes said about the nature of reality.
C) believed we come to "know things" by using our senses thereby making the body very important.
D) unified the physical world and the ideal world--created a Monist viewpoint.
E) All of the above.

Question 16

Which of the following is true? Throughout the 19^th century

A) Americans became less resistant to the idea that adults could use their "spare time" for recreational play and sport.
B) America experienced a cultural revolution and sport changed along with everything else.
C) the rise of muscular Christianity was a positive force in the development of sport and physical education.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 17

Which of the following is true? Muscular Christianity

A) was developed in Germany in the 1800s.
B) associated godliness and morality with physical weakness.
C) believed that physical strength was a sign of moral and spiritual corruption.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 18

Which of the following is true? Muscular Christianity

A) was developed during the 1800s in England and had a positive effect on the popularity of sport in America.
B) believed that physical weakness was unnatural because it reflected moral and spiritual weakness.
C) believed that the "body was a temple" and believed that Christians were obligated to care for and develop one's physical being.
D) believed that there was something good and godly about brute strength and power.
E) All of the above.

Question 19

With regard to Muscular Christianity, which of the following is true?

A) participation in sporting activities implied that those who engaged in competition were making an effort to be a good Christian.
B) Bishop Fraser, Thomas Hughes, Charles Kingsley and Charles Wordsworth are given credit for developing Muscular Christianity.
C) one of the most influential arguments in support of Muscular Christianity was presented in the famous book, Tom Brown's School Days (1857) by Thomas Hughes. This book was very popular in England and America.
D) All of the above.
E) B and C only.

Question 20

Which of the following is true?
A )The physical nature of the individual and of American society appears to have been a desired quality during the age of Darwin in the nineteenth-century.
B) Darwin helped people realize how important competition is. Sport was then seen as the tool with which to teach young children the necessary virtue of being competitive.
C) "Manliness" was a necessary characteristic in the modern world. The physicality associated with sports was seen as a desirable counterbalance to the influence of women in the life of young boys.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 21

As sport developed during the nineteenth-century

A) it was generally agreed that playful recreations in the early 1800s tended toward games and lesscompetitive activities, while the concept of competitive sport as we know it today became more prevalent during the late 1800s.
B) sports for girls became very popular in the early 1800s but declined after the Civil War.
C) soccer was brought to America by German mercenaries who fought for the North.
D) All of the above.
E) B and C only.

Question 22

Modernization theory is characterized as

A) an organizational scheme or explanation describing how American culture changed from a "traditional" society to a "modern" society.
B) dynamic, cosmopolitan, technological, and marked by a functional social structure that confirms to shifting political and economic structures.
C) based on rationalism.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 23

Which of the following is true? Modernization theory.

A) causes change.
B) can explain "how" sport and physical education changed.
C) According to M. Adelman, attempts to explain the kinds of changes that sport underwent approximately 100 years ago.
D) B and C only.
E) None of the above.

Question 24

Horse racing

A) was a popular sport during the 19^th century.
B) appealed to all social classes.
C) was more popular in the south than in the north.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 25

Characteristics associated with the development of modern sport include

A) establishment of the New York Association for the Improvement of the Breed (NYAIB).
B) the race between Sir Henry and Eclipse.
C) publishing the American Turf Register and Sporting Magazine.
D) All of the above.
E) C only.

Question 26

Which of the following are 100% true?
A )in the later part of the 19^th Century, cycling was a minor sport that was not very popular in Europe . or America. It was very popular in Equatorial Guinea.
B) during this time, cycling clubs and famous cycling athletes were popular in Europe and Australia but not in America.
C) the Tour de France held it's first race in 1898.
D) All of the above are true.
E) None of the above are true.

Question 27

With regard to Marshall W. "Major Taylor, which of the following are true?

A) he was born in Indiana in 1878 where he was raised and educated in the home of very wealthy and prominent white family who hired Major's mother and father to do work for them.
B) at the age of 14, Major Taylor is hired by the owner of an Indianapolis bicycle store to perform amazing students on his bicycle outside the store to attract crowds and potential customers. He was outfitted in a soldier's uniform and from this time on was known as Major Taylor.
C) he was an African-American athlete who raced his bike against mostly white cyclists and dominated the cycling competitions.
D) the League of American Wheelmen (LAW) was the organization who sanctioned official races LAW held their annual meeting is 1894 where they voted to enact a "Whites Only" rule in determining who was eligible for membership. This rule was enacted to ban Major Taylor from competition.
E) All of the above

Question 28

Which of the following is true?

A) Major Taylor faced racism and feared for his life on more than one occasion.
B) in 1896 Major Taylor raced in Indianapolis where he "Unofficially" breaks two world records. He was then banned from the Capital City track where he broke two world records.
C) by the end of 1898, Major Taylor held 7 world records and in 1899, won the World Cycling Championship in Montreal, Canada.
D) over time, a series of bad decisions and a failed marriage leaves Major Taylor broke. He writes his self-published biography - The Fastest Bicycle Rider in the World in 1928. He dies in 1932 in the Charity Ward of the Cook County Hospital in Chicago and was buried in an unmarked grave.
E) All of the above.

Question 29

Baseball

A) has its origin during the colonial period.
B) did not become popular in America until the early to mid-1800s.
C) initially was not considered a "manly activity" because it was generally considered a game for children.
D) All of the above.
E) B only.

Question 30

Cricket

A) was an English ball game and was more popular than baseball between 1840 1855.
B) it was played primarily by English immigrants but not easily accepted by Americans.
C) was hard to play and was highly organized which were characteristics of modern sport.
D) was closely associated with gambling which was distasteful to Americans.
E) All of the above.

Question 31

Cricket

A) as played in England, had a tradition of allowing the lower social classes to play with the upper social classes.
B) Americans, in contrast, did not want to play or recreate with people from different social classes which was permitted in cricket.
C) was not considered a "manly sport" by Americans.
D) All of the above.
E) C only.

Question 32

Baseball

A) was played as "rounder's" or "town ball" as early as 1834 at Harvard.
B) was very popular in the New York area by 1860.
C) tried to organize on several occasions in order to set up rules and a governing body.
D) The Cincinnati Red Stockings were among the first baseball teams in America.
E) All of the above.

Question 33

With regard to football, which of the following is true?

A) American football gradually evolved from rugby and soccer; these two sports were played at Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Rutgers and Columbia.
B) Walter Camp replaced the rugby "scrummage" with the line of scrimmage.
C) Walter Camp determined that football would be played with 11 athletes on a team and each athlete became a "specialist" and was assigned a specific position, a characteristic of modern sport.
D) All of the above.
E) B and C only.

Question 34

According to Michael Oriard, which of the following is true relative to the study of football?

A) The evolution of football from a kind of rugby to a distinctly American game was a trouble free/a smooth process because Americans despised British sports.
B) American coaches and players used rules to penalize ungentlemanly conduct and punish athletes who strayed from the concept of playing the game properly; the outcome of the game was not as important to Americans as was "playing by the rules".
C) English athletes, as was the case with American athletes, insisted on the imposition of rules because British athletes would cheat if not bound by rules.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 35

According to Darwin, the material world in which we live and the social world in which we live is the cause of the changes we experience, not "forces" that we cannot observe (spiritual).

Question 36

Physical education in the Modern World is generally described as an attempt to control students' environment to promote skill acquisition, and physical, psychological, social and spiritual growth. The work of Darwin has been a significant influence on the goals of modern physical education.

Question 37

Peirce's pragmatism is significant to physical education because it connects the human body with the mind. This means that there is no division between the mind and body. By rejecting dualism, Peirce did not place the mind above the body in importance.

Question 38

Peirce is a dualist and while he believes the body is important, places emphasis on developing the soul.

Question 39

William James (1842-1910) was a pragmatist who studied psychology and philosophy.

Question 40

William James believed that many philosophers argue issues that cannot be proved and this approach is a waste of time.

Question 41

William James and Charles S. Peirce developed a philosophy, pragmatism, that was friendly towards the human body, and were supportive of physical education and sport.

Question 42

The first collegiate football game was played on November 6, 1869 between Rutgers and Princeton.

Question 43

Early American football was a violent sport, which is a characteristic of the way football is played today.

Question 44

The "father of American football" was Walter Camp.

Question 45

One of the movements in American sport during the 1800s was amateurism.

Question 46

Amateurism developed in the 1860s and 1870s because upper class athletes, who competed in track and rowing, refused to compete against middle class and lower class athletes.

Question 47

Rowing was a popular sport in the early to mid-1800s.

Question 48

Rowing clubs generally were upper class organizations who had strong rules against "competing for money".

Question 49

Track and field development in America was strongly influenced by Scottish immigrants who staged the Caledonian Games in the 1850s.

Question 50

The New York Athletic Club was formed to promote the growth of baseball.

Question 51

The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) controlled all amateur competition by the 1890s.