Deck 6: Sampling in Crime and Justice Research

Question 1

At the beginning of the chapter, Professor Kraska is writing about a study done by Steve Randall. That study was on the issue of _______________.

A) capital punishment
B) drunk driving
C) sexual coercion
D) interrogation techniques

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Criminal justice researchers typically sample

A) People
B) Subset of reported crimes
C) Legal case decisions
D) All of the above

Answer 2

E

Question 3

A smaller set of cases that a research selects from a larger pool and generalizes to the population is called a ___________.

A) group
B) small group
C) sampling
D) population

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The name for a single unit to be sampled is called _____________.

A) sampling case
B) group
C) small group
D) sampling

Question 5

The abstract idea of a large group of many cases from which a researcher draws a sample and to which results from a sample are generalized is called a ________.

A) group
B) small group
C) sample
D) population

Question 6

The concretely specified large group of many cases from which a researcher draws a sample and to which results from a sample are generalized is called __________.

A) sampling frame
B) target population
C) sample
D) population

Question 7

A specific list or set of boundaries within a population from which a researcher chooses her or his sample is called ____________.

A) sampling frame
B) target population
C) sample
D) population

Question 8

A sample in which the researcher uses a random number table or similar mathematical random process so that each sampling element in the population will have an equal probability of being selected is called ____________.

A) a sampling probability
B) a sampling selection
C) a random sample
D) a population selection

Question 9

How much a sample deviates from being representative of the population is called __________.

A) a sampling probability
B) a sampling error
C) a random sample
D) a population selection

Question 10

A ____________ is a specific list or set of boundaries within a population from which a researcher chooses her or his sample (e. g., telephone director, driver's license records).

A) a sampling probability
B) a sampling error
C) a random sample
D) sampling frame

Question 11

A distribution created by drawing many random samples from the same population.

A) a sampling probability
B) a sampling distribution
C) a random sample
D) a simple random sample

Question 12

A _____________is most likely to yield a sample that represents the true characteristics of the population.

A) random samples
B) stratified samples
C) cluster sampling
D) non-random sample

Question 13

The ______________ is a mathematical relationship that states: whenever many random samples are drawn from a population, a normal distribution is formed, and the center of the distribution for a variable equals the population parameter.

A) central limit theorem
B) system sampling
C) confidence intervals
D) sampling interval

Question 14

A range of values, usually a little higher or lower than a specific value found in a sample, within which a researcher has a specified and high degree of confidence that the populations parameters lies is called _______________.

A) central limit theorem
B) system sampling
C) confidence intervals
D) sampling interval

Question 15

A random sample in which a researcher selects every kth (e. g., 12^th) case in the sample frame using a sampling interval.

A) central limit theorem
B) systematic sampling
C) confidence intervals
D) sampling interval

Question 16

A ___________ is the inverse of the sampling ration that is used when selecting cases in systematic sampling.

A) central limit theorem
B) systematic sampling
C) confidence intervals
D) sampling interval

Question 17

________________ is a random sample in which the researcher first identifies a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories, divides the sampling frame by the categories, and then uses random selection to select cases from each category.

A) Cluster sampling
B) Systematic sampling
C) Confidence intervals
D) Stratified sampling

Question 18

________________ is a type of random sample that uses multiple stages and is often used to cover wide geographic areas in which aggregated units are randomly selected and then samples are drawn from the sampled aggregated units, or clusters.

A) Cluster sampling
B) Systematic sampling
C) Confidence intervals
D) Sampling interval

Question 19

Snowball sampling is ___________________.

A) a sample in which the sampling elements are selected using something other than a mathematically random process
B) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher begins with one case, and then, base on information about interrelationships from that case, identifies other cases, and repeats the process again and again
C) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher first identifies general categories into which cases or people will be selected, and then he or she selects cases to reach a predetermined number of cases in each category
D) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher selects anyone he or she happens to come across

Question 20

Quota sampling is ___________________.

A) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher begins with one case, and then, based on information about interrelationships from that case, identifies other cases, and repeats the process again and again
B) a sample in which the sampling elements are selected using something other than a mathematically random process
C) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher first identifies general categories into which cases or people will be selected, and then he or she selects cases to reach a predetermined number of cases in each category
D) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher selects anyone he or she happens to come across

Question 21

Haphazard sampling is ______________.

A) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher begins with one case, and then, based on information about interrelationships from that case, identifies other cases, and repeats the process again and again
B) a sample in which the sampling elements are selected using something other than a mathematically random process
C) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher first identifies general categories into which cases or people will be selected, and then he or she selects cases to reach a predetermined number of cases in each category
D) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher selects anyone he or she happens to come across

Question 22

Purposive sampling is ______________.

A) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher begins with one case, and then, based on information about interrelationships from that case, identifies other cases, and repeats the process again and again
B) a sample in which the sampling elements are selected using something other than a mathematically random process
C) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher uses a wide range of methods to locate all possible cases of a highly specific and difficult-to-reach population
D) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher first identifies general categories into which cases or people will be selected, and then he or she selects cases to reach a predetermined number of cases in each category

Question 23

A nonrandom sample is ___________________.

A) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher begins with one case, and then, based on information about interrelationships from that case, identifies other cases, and repeats the process again and again
B) a sample in which the sampling elements are selected using something other than a mathematically random process
C) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher first identifies general categories into which cases or people will be selected, and then he or she selects cases to reach a predetermined number of cases in each category
D) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher selects anyone he or she happens to come across

Question 24

Deviant case sampling is ________________.

A) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher first identifies general categories into which cases or people will be selected, and then he or she selects cases to reach a predetermined number of case in each category.
B) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher uses a wide range of methods to locate all possible cases of a highly specific and difficult-to-reach population
C) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher selects specific times, locations, or events to observe in order to develop a social theory or evaluate theoretical ideas
D) a nonrandom sample, especially used by qualitative researchers, in which a researcher selects unusual or nonconforming cases purposely as a way to provide greater insight into social processes or a setting

Question 25

Sequential sampling is ________________.

A) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher first identifies general categories into which cases or people will be selected, and then he or she selects cases to reach a predetermined number of case in each category.
B) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher uses a wide range of methods to locate all possible cases of a highly specific and difficult-to-reach population
C) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher selects specific times, locations, or events to observe in order to develop a social theory or evaluate theoretical ideas
D) a nonrandom sample in which a researcher tries to find as many relevant cases as possible, until time, financial resources, or his or her energy is exhausted, or until there is no new information or diversity from the cases

Question 26

Theoretical sampling is _____________.

A) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher first identifies general categories into which cases or people will be selected, and then he or she selects cases to reach a predetermined number of case in each category.
B) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher uses a wide range of methods to locate all possible cases of a highly specific and difficult-to-reach population
C) a nonrandom sample in which the researcher selects specific times, locations, or events to observe in order to develop a social theory or evaluate theoretical ideas
D) a nonrandom sample, especially used by qualitative researchers, in which a researcher selects unusual or nonconforming cases purposely as a way to provide greater insight into social processes or a setting

Question 27

A population of people who engage in clandestine, socially disapproved, or concealed activities and who are difficult to locate and study is called ________ .

A) hidden population
B) difficult population
C) invisible population
D) missing population

Question 28

A nonrandom sample in which a researcher tries to find as many relevant cases as possible, until time, financial resources, or his or her energy is exhausted, or until there is no new information or diversity from the cases refers to:

A) sequential sampling
B) theoretical sampling
C) mix sampling
D) deviant case sampling

Question 29

A distribution created by drawing many random samples from the same population refers to:

A) the central limits theorem
B) sampling interval
C) sampling distribution
D) central variation

Question 30

A _________ is the specific pool of cases that the researcher wants to study.

Question 31

How much a sample deviates from being representative of the population is called a _____________.

Question 32

A _______________ is a specific list or set of boundaries within a population from which a researcher chooses her or his sample (e. g., telephone director, driver's license records).

Question 33

A random sample in which a researcher creates a sampling frame and uses a pure random process to select cases so that each sampling element in the population will have an equal probability of being selected is called ___________.

Question 34

A range of values, usually a little higher or lower than a specific value found in a sample, within which a researcher has a specified and high degree of confidence that the populations parameters lies is called a _______________.

Question 35

A ___________ is the inverse of the sampling ration that is used when selecting cases in systematic sampling.

Question 36

________________ is a random sample in which the researcher first identifies a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories, divides the sampling frame by the categories, and then uses random selection to select cases from each category.

Question 37

________________ is a type of random sample that uses multiple stages and is often used to cover wide geographic areas in which aggregated units are randomly selected and then samples are drawn from the sampled aggregated units, or clusters.

Question 38

A sample in which the sampling elements are selected using something other than a mathematically random process is called a _______________.

Question 39

A ___________________ is a nonrandom sample in which the researcher selects anyone he or she happens to come across.

Question 40

A nonrandom sample, especially used by qualitative researchers, in which a researcher selects unusual or nonconforming cases purposely as a way to provide greater insight into social processes or a setting is called _______________.

Question 41

A nonrandom sample in which a researcher tries to find as many relevant cases as possible, until time, financial resources, or his or her energy is exhausted, or until there is no new information or diversity from the cases is called _________________.

Question 42

A nonrandom sample in which the researcher begins with one case, and then, based on information about interrelationships from that case, identifies other cases, and repeats the process again and again is __________________.

Question 43

A ________________ is an approach to sampling that involves mixing qualitative and quantitative styles of research and combining probability with non-probability techniques.

Question 44

______ is a nonrandom sample in which a researcher tries to find as many relevant cases as possible, until time, financial resources, or his or her energy is exhausted, or until there is no new information or diversity from the cases.

Question 45

The results of a well-designed, carefully executed probability sample will produce results that are equally as accurate as trying to reach every single person in an entire population.

Question 46

Stratified samples are most likely to yield a sample that represents the true characteristics of the population.

Question 47

A sample in which the sampling elements are selected using something other than a mathematically random process is called haphazard sample.

Question 48

A nonrandom sample, especially used by qualitative researchers, in which a researcher selects unusual or nonconforming cases purposely as a way to provide greater insight into social processes or a setting is called deviant case sampling.

Question 49

A nonrandom sample in which a researcher tries to find as many relevant cases as possible, until time, financial resources, or his or her energy is exhausted, or until there is no new information or diversity from the cases is called snowball sampling

Question 50

A nonrandom sample in which the researcher begins with one case, and then, based on information about interrelationships from that case, identifies other cases, and repeats the process again and again is sequential sampling.

Question 51

Some populations are very difficult to study because they engage in clandestine, socially disapproved, or concealed activities like drug sellers and prostitutes.

Question 52

The central limits theorem is a range of values, usually a little higher or lower than a specific value found in a sample, within which a researcher has a specified and high degree of confidence that the populations parameters lies.

Question 53

Quota sampling is a nonrandom sample in which the researcher uses a wide range of methods to locate all possible cases of a highly specific and difficult-to-reach population.

Question 54

A sampling frame is the concretely specified large group of many cases from which a researcher draws a sample and to which results from a sample are generalized

Question 55

What is a random sample and why must samples be random?

Question 56

Name four types of probability samples.

Question 57

Describe the mixed sampling approach used for studying hidden populations.