Deck 3: Risk Factors for Sports Injury

Question 1

According to van Mechelen's model there are four steps to injury prevention, which include:

A) 1) Establishing the extent of the problem; 2) identifying the risk factors and mechanisms of injury; 3) introducing a preventive measure; 4) assessing its effectiveness over time.
B) 1) Identifying the risk factors and mechanisms of injury; 2) establishing the extent of the problem; 3) introducing a preventive measure; 4) assessing its effectiveness over time.
C) 1) Identifying the risk factors and mechanisms of injury; 2) establishing the extent of the problem; 3) introducing a preventive measure; 4) assessing its effectiveness over time.
D) 1) Identifying intrinsic risk factors; 2) Identifying extrinsic risk factors; 3) determining the inciting event; 4) implementing an injury prevention strategy.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of a modifiable risk factor for sports injury?

A) Age
B) Sex
C) Physical fitness
D) Previous injury history

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A child's vulnerability to sports injury is heightened by their immature reflexes, an inability to recognize and evaluate risks, underdeveloped coordination, susceptible growth plates, the non-linear nature of growth, their limited thermoregulatory systems, and

A) small stature.
B) vast variability in biological maturity status among children of similar age.
C) underdeveloped pituitary glands.
D) coaches ability to coach.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Forearm fractures are the most common fractures in children, representing 40 to 50% of all childhood fractures. 75-84% of forearm fractures occur:

A) in the radius.
B) in the ulna.
C) in the distal 1/3rd of either the radius or ulna.
D) in the proximal 1/3rd of either the radius or ulna.

Question 5

Hawkins and Metheny (2001) estimated that after a 4 cm increase in lower limb length a child would need to develop ________ more force to produce the same lower leg angular acceleration during a kicking movement as pre growth spurt.

A) 0.25
B) 0.6
C) 0.4
D) 0.3

Question 6

Tendinopathies and incidence of tendon rupture have a propensity to increase with age. Which of the following statements regarding the aging tendon are true?

A) The tendon begins to lose viscosity and gain more collagen cross-bridges, making the collagen fibres more compliant. However, while collagen becomes more compliant the elastin component decreases, which makes the tendon itself less compliant when compared to younger tendons.
B) The increased tendon compliance in older adults may slow the rate of force development in the muscle, affecting the time necessary to decelerate a moving limb.
C) The decreased tendon compliance in older adults may slow the rate of force development in the muscle, affecting the time necessary to decelerate a moving limb.
D) Decreased tendon compliance would result in larger strains at any given force, which could increase the risk of tendon strain injury in older athletes.

Question 7

Female athletes are at greater risk for what injuries?

A) Wrist fractures and PCL injuries.
B) Fatigue fractures and ACL injuries.
C) Scaphoid fractures and ACL injuries.
D) Tibia fracture and ACL injuries.

Question 8

There is strong evidence that previous injury, especially when followed by inadequate rehabilitation, places an athlete at increased risk for re-injury. What are three of the most common recurrent injuries in athletes?

A) Wrist fractures, ankle sprains and MCL sprains.
B) Lateral ankle sprains, muscle strains and concussion.
C) Lateral ankle sprains, MCL sprains and concussion.
D) Scaphoid fracture, MCL sprains, hamstring strains.

Question 9

The period associated with greatest risk of recurrent concussion within the same season was ____ _____ ______ after initial injury.

A) within 1 month
B) 7-10 days
C) within 3 hours
D) 12-17 days

Question 10

This elbow injury is caused by repetitive mictotrauma to the insertion of the extensor muscles?

A) Medial epicondylitis.
B) Golfers elbow.
C) Little league elbow.
D) Tennis elbow.

Question 11

Impingement syndrome is a common overuse injury of the shoulder. There are several mechanisms that may lead to this condition including:

A) Too much swimming.
B) Reduction in the amount of scapular retraction and downward rotation of the glenoid cavity during movements of the arm into elevation.
C) Weakness and poor coordinated scapular stabilizers: subscapularis, supraspinatus Teres major and Pectoralis minor
D) Weakness and poor coordinated scapular stabilizers: Serratus anterior, Rhomboids (major/minor) and Pectoralis minor

Question 12

When looking at human interaction with sports surfaces what is the term used when force is generated by interlocking of the contacting objects, such as spikes penetrating a Tartan track?

A) Force
B) Friction
C) Traction
D) Pressure

Question 13

What characteristic of sports surfaces relates to the viscoelastic behaviour of most surfaces for sport and exercise, where the viscous stresses are dissipated as heat, not returned to the striking object?

A) Compliance
B) Traction
C) Friction
D) Resilience

Question 14

In most sporting environments, protective equipment is required to protect the athlete from impacts. What are the two types of sporting impacts that require protective equipment?

A) the high speed, low mass impact, caused by direct contact from a ball or puck
B) the low speed, high mass impact, caused by collisions with other players or with the ground
C) fast and slow.
D) both a and b are correct.

Question 15

A highly resilient material quickly retains its original shape after an impact whereas a less resilient material may take some time to return to its initial configuration. Thus, highly resilient materials tend to be used to protect areas of the body that may be subject to repeated impacts during an activity. Which of the following types of protective equipment is usually constructed of a highly resilient material?

A) Cycling helmets
B) Shin pads
C) Scrum caps
D) Shock tops

Question 16

What is the main difference between the batting helmet and the cycling helmet?

A) A cycling helmet is made of low resilient material where as a batting helmet is made of a high resilient material.
B) A cycling helmet has a thin thermoplastic shell whereas a batting helmet has a thick fibreglass or polyethylene shell.
C) A cycling helmet has a liner constructed of polystyrene bead moulding where as a batting helmet has either high or low density foam liner.
D) All of the above.

Question 17

Wrist guards are designed to supplement wrist strength by using a rigid volar plate, which reduces the impact force transmission by local load sharing and energy shunting and also increases the bending stiffness so as to reduce the likelihood of bending failure (Verdejo and Mills, 2004) What is the unintended consequence of this mechanism of protection?

A) Energy shunting may be localised to the proximal forearm region.
B) Increased protection for the elbow joint.
C) Protection of the scaphoid but fracture of radius.
D) a and c above.

Question 18

The vertical force component for heel-toe running has two peaks; the first occurs between ____________ after initial ground contact and is referred to as the 'vertical impact force peak'.

A) 5 and 30 ms
B) 100 and 300 ms
C) 30 and 100 ms
D) 5 and 10 ms

Question 19

What is the most common complaint by runners?

A) heel pain
B) hip pain
C) back pain
D) knee pain

Question 20

Shoe design changes can influence moment arms (as in Figure 3.18 in the text) between the forces acting on the shoe and the joints of the body, and can change the way in which external forces affect internal forces. Which of the following shoe characteristics has the greatest impact on the moment about the subtalar joint?

A) heel flare
B) midsole flare
C) heel height
D) last shape