Deck 22: Crime and Media

Question 1

The Geneva and Amsterdam Conventions established international laws and agreements to govern state conduct in war and they provide the backbone to International Humanitarian Law.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

What is genocide and what is necessary for it to occur?

Answer 2

No Answer

Question 3

Kelman and Hamilton examine the Mai Lai massacre that occurred during the Vietnam War in 1968 when a platoon of US soldiers massacred some 400 civilians. From this case and that of a number of other sanctioned massacres, they identify three general conditions that enable crimes of obedience - what are they?

A)Reorientation
B)Authorization
C)Routinization
D)Reorganization
E)Dehumanization

Answer 3

B, C, E

Question 4

Chambliss broadened and internationalized his definition of state-organized crime to include 'behaviour that violates international agreements and principles established in the courts and treaties of international bodies' (1995: 9) Based on this later definition, three major types of state crimes can be identified - what are they?

A)war crimes
B)crimes against humanity
C)repressive state crimes
D)crimes against the environment
E)crimes against other states

Question 5

Cohen (1993) maintains a number of 'bystander effects' will likely continue to restrict the amount of focus, criminological or otherwise, on state crimes. These include -?

A)an inability to respond to attrocities as and when they happen
B)a lack of identification with geographically and socially distant victims
C)a general inability to be able to conceive of effective interventions to prevent state atrocity
D)because states will continue to take a neutral position by hiding behind the human rights legislation
E)a sense of diffused responsibility where everybody asserts that everybody else should do something about a problem rather than themselves, resulting in no action by anybody

Question 6

Estimates vary but it is generally agreed that around 11 million people were transported from Africa by the Europeans during the Atlantic slave trade but how many were estimated to have died during the voyage alone (Thomas, 1997)

A)600,000-850,000
B)850,000-1 million
C)1 million-1.5 million
D)1.5 million-2 million
E)2 million-4 million

Question 7

What proportion of civilians make up the casualties since the end of the Second World War?

A)0.1
B)0.3
C)0.6
D)0.8
E)0.9

Question 8

According to Cohen (2001) how many people were forced to flee their homess in 1998?

A)5 million
B)15 million
C)25 millon
D)50 million
E)75 million

Question 9

According to Human Rights Watch how many people were forced to flee their homes as a result of victimization?
.

Question 10

Milgram found that a staggering 98 per cent of subjects carried on the electric shocks until they had reached 300 volts - and 65 per cent carried on through the full range of shocks until they had reached 450 volts - continuing to shock the learner long after he had fallen silent.

Question 11

Bauman (2009) suggests that 'Without modern civilization and its most central essential achievements, there would be no Holocaust' - why does he say this?