Deck 3: The Therapeutic Enterprise: Choices, Techniques, Evaluation

Question 1

Six-year-old Kevin's therapy was described in the text. The therapist's conceptualization of the case revolved around what factors?

A) the traumas of his father's overeagerness to get Kevin to play in the water and his sister's birth
B) his congenital heart disorder and his perception that he was not as strong as other boys his age
C) his small physical stature and the hidden abuse that he suffered for years at the hands of a neighbor
D) inconsistent discipline at home coupled with aggressive peers who were more than willing to provide role models for his development

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What was one of the ways that Garrett's therapist treated his posttraumatic disorder?

A) Garrett was asked to practice relaxation exercises at home and to report his daily mood ratings for several months.
B) Garrett was encouraged to spend more time out of the house and to pay more attention to the content of his daydreams.
C) Garrett was given homework assignments, including writing an account of what happened when his wife was killed in an accident.
D) Garrett was encouraged to think about his relationships with his parents and to discuss how that continues to impact his behavior now that he is an adult facing a trauma.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What was one of the accidental features of the therapy that had a positive impact on the outcome of Garrett's treatment for PTSD?

A) discussion of his decision to donate for a memorial to his wife
B) a feature article in the newspaper focused on several people who had overcome PTSD
C) the manufacturer of the car expressed a willingness to assist victims of car crashes like Garrett
D) his employer began an Employee Assistance Program, which made various forms of therapy available at low cost

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Tom described what he perceived as a "dog-eat-dog" world. What was one of the ways his therapist tried to help Tom through his difficulties?

A) He asked Tom to create a list of people he trusted.
B) He asked Tom express appreciation whenever someone did something he appreciated.
C) He asked Tom to take walks each day in order to "clear his head " before he sat down for dinner.
D) He helped Tom to practice relaxation during therapy sessions while imagining situations that would typically upset him.

Question 5

What do the cases of Garret Cross and Tom Martin reflect about the nature of the clinical enterprise?

A) Treatment is the strength of diagnoses.
B) Some problems have no solutions.
C) People have problems and clinicians attempt to transform maladaptation into adaptation.
D) Family involvement is important for case management and proper treatment.

Question 6

Which is not a task performed by psychotherapists?

A) responding
B) communicating
C) listening
D) understanding

Question 7

Expressing an uninhibited flow of thoughts and feelings is called

A) flooding.
B) transference.
C) free association.
D) countertransference.

Question 8

Which treatment approach focuses on memories of early relationships with parents and significant others?

A) behavioral
B) existential
C) client-centered
D) psychodynamic

Question 9

Which of the following is an important element of psychoanalysis?

A) flooding
B) extinction
C) transference
D) negative reinforcement

Question 10

After a year in analysis, Mark realizes that his therapist reminds him of his older sister, who guided and protected him after his mother's death.
Mark's reaction is an example of

A) clinical projection.
B) countertransference.
C) positive transference.
D) negative transference.

Question 11

Miguel's therapist realizes she has been responding inappropriately to him because he reminds her of a former client. This reaction is an example of

A) clinical projection.
B) countertransference.
C) positive transference.
D) negative transference.

Question 12

Ann is talking to her therapist about her relationship with her mother. She and her mother have never gotten along with each other. Ann has never expressed her anger to her mother, and in the session, she begins to yell at the therapist and becomes hostile. Ann's reaction is an example of:

A) countertransference
B) clinical projection
C) positive transference
D) negative transference

Question 13

Recovered memories are:

A) unconscious conflict
B) repressed memories
C) conscious conflict
D) None of the above

Question 14

A patient is about to begin psychotherapy and a counselor describes the various forms of therapy that are available. For each form of therapy,
the counselor describes the major goal of the therapy. What does she say
when describing psychodynamic therapy?

A) to make the unconscious conscious, often by recovering repressed memories
B) to analyze daydreams for clues as to the disparity between the real and the ideal selves
C) to establish a dialogue with the "inner self" in order to see one's behavior in a new light
D) to question and even attack some of the beliefs that are currently interfering with a more fulfilling life

Question 15

Tom has repressed memories about the tragic death of his parents. Tom told his therapist it is too painful to talk of these memories. His therapist discussed a technique with Tom where he will be receptive to suggestions to explore these memories. The technique was:

A) hypnosis
B) free association
C) positive transference
D) negative transference

Question 16

People who are susceptible to hypnosis typically have

A) brain damage.
B) frequent nightmares.
C) attentional difficulties.
D) heightened suggestibility.

Question 17

Which therapeutic approach confronts the patient's need to confront basic questions of existence?

A) humanistic
B) client centered
C) existential
D) rational-emotive

Question 18

Client-centered therapy is an example of which approach to therapy?

A) humanistic
B) existential
C) psychoanalytic
D) cognitive-behavioral

Question 19

Yolanda has been successful in her career and relationships, but is disturbed by the nagging question, "Am I being true to myself?" Which type of therapy would most likely address this concern?

A) cognitive
B) existential
C) behavioral
D) psychodynamic

Question 20

Carl Rogers is known as the founder of which approach to therapy?

A) cognitive
B) existential
C) neo-Freudian
D) client-centered

Question 21

Humanistic therapies emphasize the individual's need to

A) feel self-confidence.
B) confront abusive parents.
C) achieve success in a career.
D) understand the strong fear of death.

Question 22

Which of the following describes the role of the therapist in client-centered therapy?

A) acts as a symbolic parent
B) reflects the client's concerns
C) interprets unconscious conflicts
D) serves as an advocate with social services

Question 23

Which type of therapist aims to provide unconditional positive regard for the client?

A) cognitive
B) psychodynamic
C) neo-Freudian
D) client-centered

Question 24

Client-centered therapists assume behavior change follows from a client's

A) self-acceptance.
B) relaxed defenses.
C) decreased anxiety.
D) formulation of specific goals.

Question 25

What term is used for the client-centered therapist's empathic, non-judgmental listening?

A) projection
B) therapeutic insight
C) countertransference
D) unconditional positive regard

Question 26

Maria is a therapist who believes labels and diagnoses are not useful. She sees her role as one of accepting her clients unconditionally. Which approach to therapy does Maria seem to follow?

A) cognitive
B) behavioral
C) psychoanalytic
D) client-centered

Question 27

Which type of therapist believes their main task is to frustrate their clients, to help clients express strong emotions, and fight out conflicts with authority?

A) Gestalt
B) existential
C) neo-Freudian
D) client-centered

Question 28

Which type of therapist would purposefully anger a client?

A) Gestalt
B) humanistic
C) existential
D) cognitive-behavioral

Question 29

A therapist who suggests role-playing would be using a technique from:

A) client-centered therapy
B) psychoanalysis
C) rational-emotive therapy
D) gestalt therapy

Question 30

What is the primary method to seek change in cognitive psychotherapy?

A) modeling
B) conversation
C) role-play
D) unconditional positive regard

Question 31

What do Gestalt therapy and psychoanalysis have in common?

A) use of hypnosis
B) unconditional positive regard
C) use of dreams as part of therapy
D) a belief that the therapist should remain neutral

Question 32

Which approach to therapy emphasizes changing unrealistic or irrational thoughts?

A) cognitive
B) existential
C) neo-Freudian
D) psychoanalytic

Question 33

Which thought reflects the type of thinking that rational-emotive therapy seeks to change?

A) "Snakes can bite."
B) "What is the point of life?"
C) "I must stay on the Dean's list."
D) "I just don't associate with that kind of person."

Question 34

Ann seeks a therapist to help her overcome her depression. Her therapist helps her see that she is often preoccupied with "musts" such as "I must never disappoint my parents;" and "I must always be successful." Her therapist actively disputes these irrational beliefs and helps her develop more adaptive ones. Ann's therapist seems to share a great deal in common with

A) Fritz Perls.
B) Aaron Beck.
C) Carl Rogers.
D) Sigmund Freud.

Question 35

During a therapy session, Aaron Beck's client says, "You know I think I am a good-for-nothing worthless idiot." What is Aaron Beck likely to say?

A) "Who is it in your past that encouraged you to think in those terms?"
B) "What evidence is there and how could it be interpreted in other ways?"
C) "To the contrary, I see you as a genuinely honest, respectable individual."
D) "Tell me about the dreams that you have related to how you feel about yourself."

Question 36

Bert seeks out a therapist to overcome his depression. His therapist suggests that the best way to solve emotional problems is to alter one's thinking, especially the "automatic thoughts" that are often learned as children. The therapist gently and persistently challenges the validity of Bert's beliefs about himself and the situation. Bert's therapist is most like

A) Aaron Beck.
B) Carl Rogers.
C) Albert Bandura.
D) Sigmund Freud.

Question 37

A therapist has recommended a form of therapy for you that will consist of weekly 50-minute sessions for 12 to 16 weeks. The first step is a structured interview dealing with symptoms, family history, and current and recent events in your life. Which of the following is the most likely form of therapy that has been recommended?

A) interpersonal
B) client-centered
C) psychodynamic
D) cognitive-behavioral

Question 38

John just began therapy sessions to deal with a variety of problems that have caused him problems for some time. His therapist uses a lot of cognitive therapy approaches. Which of the following would this therapist likely do during a typical therapy session?

A) The therapist will role play the consequences of some of John's faulty and irrational beliefs.
B) Tell John that he needs to "get real" and "grow up" before he can expect any change in his life.
C) Ask John to share his earliest memories of his interactions with his parents and his siblings in order to track down the roots of his current
difficulties.
D) The therapist will encourage John to spend more time each day engaged in a series of relaxation exercises that will help him to
develop some of the social skills he is lacking.

Question 39

Alice has been experiencing a number of personal difficulties, which have finally led her to consider seeking help from a mental health professional. Her neighbor suggests that before she lets her "fingers do the walking through the Yellow Pages," she should read the Consumer Reports survey. What finding should be of special interest to her in selecting a therapist?

A) Advanced degrees were rated highly in the survey.
B) Drug treatments were superior to other treatments.
C) Long-term treatment was associated with relatively poor outcomes.
D) Outcome of therapy did not seem to be related to the form of the therapy.

Question 40

Your cousin is an intern at the local newspaper. Part of her responsibility is to write stories that have a psychological angle. The editor asked her for 1,000 words on the Consumer Reports survey on therapy. Which of the following would make for the best title for this article?

A) "Psychotherapy: Consumer Fraud"
B) "Psychotherapy v. Drugs: A Clear Winner"
C) "Consumer Satisfaction with Therapy is High"
D) "Advanced Degrees Make a Difference in Therapy"

Question 41

A mental health professional was asked to comment on the Consumer Reports survey of satisfaction with psychotherapy. Which of the following might be the most important criticism of the survey?

A) Open-ended questions made it difficult to draw conclusions.
B) Only a small proportion of the magazine's subscribers returned the survey.
C) Most of the respondents were hospitalized at the time they completed the survey.
D) The surveys had to be completed by the therapist who was treating the respondent.

Question 42

A mental health professional was asked to comment on the Consumer Reports survey of satisfaction with psychotherapy. Which of the following might be an important criticism of the report?

A) "The results were based only on the patients' perspective."
B) "The therapists did not use drug treatments in any of their approaches."
C) "The results involved treatments based primarily on psychodynamic therapy."
D) "The therapists who were providing the therapy were primarily using behavioral techniques."

Question 43

Meta-analysis is a method of

A) conducting longitudinal research.
B) combining the results of many studies.
C) quantifying the process of self-actualization.
D) determining if a statistical result is significant.

Question 44

Meta-analytic studies show that after treatment, the average psychotherapy client is better off than about what percentage of untreated control subjects?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 95%

Question 45

The Senate committee charged with the responsibility for funding used for various forms of treatment issues subpoenas "to get to the bottom of the questions surrounding psychotherapy." After several days of hearings, how would an objective reporter describe the case made by psychotherapy researchers?

A) Psychoanalytic therapy is quite effective for most disorders.
B) Psychotherapy plays a positive role in the lives of those who receive it.
C) It is impossible to provide any evidence on the effectiveness of psychotherapy at this point.
D) In order to be effective, psychotherapy must be combined with group therapy and drug treatments.

Question 46

Researchers compared the effectiveness of medical treatment and psychotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome. What did they find?

A) Psychotherapy was the superior treatment.
B) Both forms of treatment are equally ineffective.
C) There was no difference in the effectiveness of the two types of treatment
D) The medical treatment was far superior; psychotherapy actually made the symptoms worse.

Question 47

A study of the treatment effectiveness for substance-use disorders found that therapists showed widely different rates of effectiveness. Which of the following was a key factor that seemed important in accounting for the success of some of the therapists?

A) adherence to specific techniques
B) possession of strong interpersonal skills
C) increased years of experience in therapy
D) strong belief in a single theoretical orientation

Question 48

Which of the following is most likely to be a concern for a researcher engaged in process research on psychotherapy?

A) therapist-patient relationship
B) spelling out therapy techniques in training manuals
C) identifying efficient methods of hospital administration
D) determining which theoretical orientation is most valid

Question 49

You are attending your first psychological convention and are overwhelmed by the number of paper presentations. As you thumb through the convention program you see the following category of presentations, Psychotherapy Process Research. Which of the following titles would best fit under this session category?

A) "Therapeutic success: A focus on the elements"
B) "Therapists' own therapy and success in therapy"
C) "Uncovering the unconscious: Its role in therapeutic outcomes"
D) "How to combine medication with psychotherapy for increased success"

Question 50

After attending several sessions of therapy at the mental health center, your family members ask you to describe the treatment and you tell them it has included a graded program of activities, homework, and role playing along with efforts to identify and modify unrealistic beliefs. What form of therapy is the basis for your treatment?

A) Gestalt
B) client-centered
C) psychodynamic
D) cognitive-behavioral therapy

Question 51

Bev is a patient on the adolescent ward of a state hospital, where patients earn points for participation in different activities. When she has enough points saved, Bev plans to exchange them for a trip to a local restaurant with a hospital aide. What is the name of this type of program?

A) fading
B) biofeedback
C) generalization
D) token economy

Question 52

Shaping, fading, extinction, and punishment are all procedures used in

A) behavior therapy.
B) neo-Freudian therapy.
C) assertiveness training.
D) client-centered therapy.

Question 53

Sherri has an extremely high-pressure position that has caused minor health problems. She does not want to take medication. Her therapist has recommended a technique where she can learn to monitor and control internal processes. The technique is:

A) biofeedback
B) modeling
C) fading
D) cognitive re-thinking

Question 54

The use of homework, role-playing, programmed activities, and attempting to identify and modify unrealistic thoughts are techniques of:

A) rational-emotive therapy
B) client-centered therapy
C) cognitive-behavioral therapy
D) gestalt therapy

Question 55

Ted is learning a technique that requires him to concentrate on a thought, a sensation, a word, an object, or some mental state. Which technique is Ted learning?

A) flooding
B) meditation
C) biofeedback
D) systematic desensitization

Question 56

Sue was telling her friend about the treatment that was recommended when she saw a psychologist at the clinic. If the treatment involves muscular relaxation, which of the following is a likely problem that brought her to the clinic?

A) panic disorder
B) bipolar disorder
C) tension headache
D) somatization disorder

Question 57

In contrast to flooding, exposure therapy involves

A) biofeedback.
B) the client's consent.
C) fantasized exposure.
D) gradual approach to the feared stimulus.

Question 58

Bill is terrified of snakes. However, he must attempt to deal with his fear of snakes because his job places him in high-risk areas to come in contact with multiple species of snakes. Which of the following techniques could assist Bill with his fear?

A) meditation
B) flooding
C) relaxation
D) fantasized exposure

Question 59

The technique of systematic desensitization is based on the theory that relaxation is

A) more natural than fear.
B) reinforced by attention.
C) incompatible with previously learned anxiety.
D) the ideal behavioral response to environmental situations.

Question 60

You walk into a classroom in preparation for your next class and see the following words on the board: behavioral training and cognitive activity.
You can tell from other writings that the class that met previously was abnormal psychology. You ask your friend who is taking the course what the topic for the day had been. What will she say?

A) biofeedback
B) family therapy
C) operant conditioning
D) systematic desensitization

Question 61

Rick has been watching his father fib on his income tax form and has decided to lie to his parents about how much allowance his friends get. Rick's behavior is an example of

A) exposure.
B) live modeling.
C) guided rehearsal.
D) symbolic meaning.

Question 62

To treat Valerie's fear of cats, her therapist asks her to watch a home video of other children playing with cats. This technique is an example of

A) covert modeling.
B) guided rehearsal.
C) symbolic modeling.
D) participant modeling.

Question 63

Cognitive-behavioral training can be especially effective for which of these clients?

A) Bill who is seeking to overcome fears and inhibitions
B) Carla who is disturbed by delusions and hallucinations
C) Ted who has the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder
D) Iris who has been visiting doctor after doctor in search of one who will "truly understand" her physical symptoms

Question 64

Ellen's therapist gives her homework assignments. In one of them, she practiced standing up for herself by expressing her opinions and making some reasonable requests. What technique is Ellen's therapist using?

A) modeling
B) operant conditioning
C) assertiveness training
D) systematic desensitization

Question 65

What is the primary focus of cognitive-behavioral group therapy?

A) increasing social skills
B) providing social support for group members
C) breaking entrenched habits, such as smoking
D) expressing strong emotions in a nonjudgmental setting

Question 66

Which perspective was used as the basis for the first group therapy sessions?

A) Gestalt
B) cognitive
C) psychodynamic
D) client-centered

Question 67

What does the family therapist encourage the family to do as part of the therapy?

A) share unconscious feelings with each other
B) avoid conflict in the interest of family harmony
C) obtain a balance between being individuals and being a group
D) be supportive of the family member whose behavior is the problem

Question 68

What is the guiding principle of family therapy?

A) Family harmony is the most important goal.
B) Our society is witnessing the destruction of the family unit.
C) It is easier to change behavior patterns of a group than of an individual.
D) The family itself is a system which has its own characteristics and disorders.

Question 69

A secretary is transcribing the notes of a therapist who just finished a session. The notes include several references to "transactional patterns." What form of therapy was involved?

A) family therapy
B) Gestalt therapy
C) psychodynamic
D) client-centered

Question 70

Marital therapy is viewed as a subtype of

A) family therapy.
B) fixed-role therapy.
C) behavior modification.
D) assertiveness training.

Question 71

Which of the following involves a group of patients working together in therapy?

A) psychodrama
B) Gestalt therapy
C) fixed-role therapy
D) existential therapy

Question 72

In contrast to behavioral therapy, psychodrama involves

A) less emotionality.
B) more spontaneity.
C) focus on one client at a time.
D) more of a focus on assertiveness.

Question 73

About how many different types of psychological therapy are currently in use for adult disorders?

A) 25
B) 100
C) 400
D) 1000

Question 74

When former therapy clients are asked to specify which aspects of therapy were most helpful to them, how did the answers of clients who had gone through behavior therapy compare to the answers of clients who had gone through psychodynamic therapy?

A) Both groups emphasized the same factors.
B) Clients' ratings depended on the specific techniques used in therapy.
C) Only the behavioral group emphasized the development of confidence.
D) Only the psychodynamic group emphasized the therapist-client relationship.

Question 75

Why are control groups used in therapy outcome studies?

A) to increase the sample size of the study
B) to supply a pool of stand-by subjects in case other subjects drop out
C) to rule out the possibility of alternative explanations of positive outcomes
D) to motivate the treatment subjects to change by creating competition between groups

Question 76

Researchers who conduct therapy outcome studies attempt to rule out alternative explanations for positive outcomes by making sure that their research involves

A) control groups.
B) large sample sizes.
C) clear definitions of treatments.
D) participants who are likely to benefit from therapy.

Question 77

A psychiatrist is discussing the treatment options for your uncle who a court has determined to be unable to make treatment decisions. As his guardian you are charged with making such decisions. One of the options for treating your uncle's depression is electroconvulsive therapy; however, you want to know the side effects. What major side effect will the psychiatrist mention?

A) insomnia
B) memory problems
C) delusional thinking
D) heightened fear reactions

Question 78

A Professor of Psychiatry at University School of Medicine is describing changes that have occurred in the administration of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Which of the following will be included in her discussion?

A) Anesthetics and muscle relaxants are now used.
B) Patients are placed on MAO inhibitors prior to receiving the ECT.
C) The amount of electricity used has been increased to create a more powerful and more effective seizure.
D) The number of treatments has been decreased because ECT appears to be effective in just a few sessions.

Question 79

Which of the following would be prescribed for a person diagnosed with bipolar disorder?

A) Lithium
B) MAO inhibitor
C) Phenothiazine
D) Benzodiazepine

Question 80

Which of the following is likely to be prescribed to treat anxiety disorders?

A) antipsychotic
B) MAO inhibitors
C) antimanic
D) benzodiazepines