Deck 14: Substance-Related Disorders

Question 1

What is a consequence of heavy use of psychoactive substances?

A) reduction in goal-directed behavior
B) cognitive deficits
C) physical symptoms
D) All of the above are consequences.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What term, which is not used in DSM-IV-TR, describes the harmful effects of excessive reliance on drugs for pleasure and relief of tension?

A) addiction
B) tolerance
C) withdrawal
D) intoxication

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Why is the term "addiction" not used in DMS-IV-TR?

A) Substances affect people in different ways that cannot be determined.
B) Personal and social factors have a role in the manner in which substances interact.
C) Addiction is not a diagnostic term.
D) All the above.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The two categories of substance-related disorders in DSM-IV-TR are substance-use disorders and:

A) substance-related disorders
B) psychoactive-induced disorders
C) substance-induced disorders
D) substance-dependence

Question 5

Alex has been drinking heavily for more than ten years. He says he would like to stop, but each time he tries his body's response to the cessation of alcohol draws him back. His family has pleaded with him to seek treatment because his drinking has created upheaval and led to a loss of his job. When he finally seeks professional treatment, what diagnosis is likely to be made?

A) substance abuse
B) substance intoxication
C) substance dependence
D) psychoactive psychosis

Question 6

Dan is an alcoholic who has been drinking large amounts of alcohol for more than a decade. Ed, a social drinker, drinks moderately at parties and has never been "drunk." For a research study, each of these 150-pound men consume eight beers in a few hours. Dan does not seem to be affected, whereas Ed exhibits major effects. How can we explain this difference?

A) The liver of an alcoholic breaks down alcohol into byproducts much faster because it has adjusted to high levels of alcohol and this rapid breakdown aids survival.
B) As a protective device, the body of an alcoholic diverts most of the alcohol away from the brain so it does not have the effect it does in someone who is not an alcoholic.
C) Over long periods of time, neurotransmitter levels in the brain adjusts to a relatively steady state of alcohol and remain constant, so the amount of alcohol has practically no effect.
D) In someone who has been drinking excessively for a long time, less and less alcohol permeates brain cell membranes so he may have less alcohol in his brain than someone with the same BA level who is not an alcoholic.

Question 7

Tolerance, withdrawal, and compulsive use are associated with ________ while psychological problems and maladaptive behavior are associated with _____.

A) substance abuse; substance dependence
B) substance use disorders; substance abuse
C) substance dependence; substance abuse
D) substance-induced disorders; substance abuse

Question 8

Cognitive, physiological, and __________ symptoms are the factors which define it's the condition of substance dependence.

A) social
B) behavioral
C) physical
D) biophysical

Question 9

LaToya's doctor tells her she must stop drinking. She begins to experience physical symptoms. LaToya is experiencing:

A) withdrawal
B) excessive alcohol use
C) tolerance
D) intoxication

Question 10

The need for markedly increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect is called

A) addiction.
B) tolerance.
C) withdrawal.
D) compulsion.

Question 11

The three major criteria for the diagnosis of substance dependence are tolerance, withdrawal, and

A) compulsive use.
B) criminal activity.
C) psychotic symptoms.
D) altered brain wave activity.

Question 12

Which psychoactive substance produces withdrawal symptoms that are less apparent than those produced by most other substances?

A) heroin
B) alcohol
C) cocaine
D) barbiturates

Question 13

What is one of the keys to the diagnosis of substance intoxication?

A) The drug used is illegal.
B) The effects are reversible.
C) Use of the drug results in criminal activity.
D) Use of the drug affects the individual for more than one week.

Question 14

Al has not been home for several days. His wife states he will not return until he is able to purchase his drug of choice. There are several bars and streets that Al will visit until he finds the substance he needs. The behavior is called:

A) compulsive substance dependence
B) compulsive substance use
C) substance abuse
D) substance dependence

Question 15

Substance intoxication affects which nervous system?

A) peripheral nervous system
B) autonomic nervous system
C) limbic system
D) central nervous system

Question 16

Vince experienced a psychotic reaction the first time he ingested LSD. What is the most likely diagnosis he would have been given at this point?

A) withdrawal
B) substance abuse disorder
C) substance-induced disorder
D) substance dependence disorder

Question 17

Which of the following factors does not influence the level of intoxication?

A) substance
B) expectations
C) tolerance
D) level of abuse history

Question 18

What is the major criteria for diagnosing substance abuse?

A) tolerance
B) harmful consequences
C) withdrawal
D) compulsive use

Question 19

Which of these individuals is exhibiting a symptom that commonly occurs in substance abuse but is not necessarily one that constitutes part of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence?

A) John whose symptoms include tolerance
B) Larry who has had numerous legal problems
C) Mike who engages in a compulsive pattern of use
D) Harry who is experiencing withdrawal from a psychoactive substance

Question 20

What are the primary characteristics that differentiate substance dependence from substance abuse?

A) tolerance and withdrawal
B) amount and frequency of drinking
C) subjective intoxication and distress
D) behavioral and social consequences

Question 21

Your friend misses work and has serious family difficulties because he uses drugs. However, he is not "addicted" to drugs. What DSM-IV-TR diagnosis would be made in this case?

A) substance abuse
B) substance craving
C) substance dependence
D) substance ingestion habit

Question 22

What do alcohol, tranquilizing drugs, amphetamines, and heroin have in common?

A) Overdose can result in death.
B) They cause delusional thinking.
C) They can cause long-term coma.
D) The abuser experiences hallucinations.

Question 23

Which form of alcohol is safe for humans to consume?

A) ethanol
B) wood alcohol
C) methyl alcohol
D) isopropyl alcohol

Question 24

Which part of the brain is affected first by alcohol consumption?

A) medulla
B) cerebellum
C) frontal lobes
D) occipital lobes

Question 25

The newspaper carried a story of a college student who was found dead in his dorm after ingesting a very large amount of alcohol last night. The death is most likely due to the effects of the alcohol on which part of the brain?

A) medulla
B) cerebellum
C) frontal lobes
D) limbic system

Question 26

What is "pathological use" of psychoactive substances?

A) use beyond which any positive effects are outweighed by negative effects
B) tolerance levels increase
C) the "ultimate" high
D) None of the above.

Question 27

Which part of the brain is affected by continued consumption of alcohol?

A) occipital lobes
B) medulla
C) cerebellum
D) frontal lobes

Question 28

Which of the following individuals is most likely to have had a blood-alcohol level of .50?

A) Dan who is exhibiting a loss of motor control
B) George who was pronounced dead at the emergency room
C) Ed who is exhibiting an obvious loosening of inhibitions at a party
D) Frank who was brought to the hospital with acute alcohol poisoning Answer b

Question 29

Which of the following terms is associated with the modification of beliefs of one culture on another culture, and is relevant to substance use?

A) acculturation
B) abstinence-violation
C) cultural diversity
D) All of the above.

Question 30

The Surgeon General is examining data on the amount of alcohol consumed in the United States for a report to Congress. The purpose is to inform members of Congress so they can make prudent decisions concerning funding programs to deal with alcohol. What will the Surgeon General want to highlight about the use of alcohol in the United States?

A) There is no sex difference in alcohol use.
B) A minority of people consume the majority of alcohol.
C) There is little difference between social drinkers and alcoholics.
D) The amount of alcohol consumed continues to increase every year.

Question 31

Which of these individuals falls within the age range that has the highest prevalence of drinking?

A) Al, who is 14 years old
B) Dan, who is 24 years old
C) Steve, who is 39 years old
D) Richardo, who is 59 years old

Question 32

What was the effect of reducing the drinking age from 21 to 18 on alcohol-related highway accidents?

A) lowered the rate of accidents
B) increased the rate of accidents
C) had no effect on the accident rate
D) an initial increase in accidents was followed by a decrease

Question 33

Which is the difference in descriptors between alcohol abuse and alcohol intoxication?

A) behavioral indicators and psychological changes
B) psychological change and social change
C) behavioral indicators and social change
D) social change and physiological response

Question 34

Which of these individuals is part of a group that has a relatively high rate of alcohol abuse?

A) Dan who is a Native American
B) Emily who is a French American
C) Hans who is a German American
D) Thuy who is an Asian American

Question 35

Of the total national expenditure for health, what percentage is estimated to be spent on alcohol-related problems?

A) 2%
B) 6%
C) 14%
D) 20%

Question 36

What do CT scans of young chronic alcoholics show?

A) presenile plaques
B) deterioration of the cerebellum
C) increased levels of cerebrospinal fluid
D) reduced density in the left hemisphere

Question 37

What are the primary risks to the infant if the child develops fetal alcohol syndrome?

A) tumors and blood clots
B) heart and kidney failure
C) immunodeficiency and pneumonia
D) mental retardation and physical malformations

Question 38

Fetal alcohol syndrome refers to:

A) development of physical malformations
B) development of mental retardation
C) damaging effects on the unborn child as a result of the mother's alcohol consumption
D) All of the above.

Question 39

What percent of people with alcohol disorders have another diagnosable mental disorder?

A) 17%
B) 37%
C) 27%
D) 8%

Question 40

After reviewing the data on alcohol and its effects on health, one finding seems surprising to a panel of experts. There is evidence that moderate use of alcohol tends to reduce the chances of

A) diabetes.
B) heart attack.
C) mood disorders.
D) Parkinson's disease.

Question 41

Which of the following disorders have a high rate of comorbidity with alcohol disorders?

A) hypochondriasis and schizophrenia
B) bipolar disorder and depersonalization
C) borderline personality disorder and mental retardation
D) affective disorders and antisocial personality disorders

Question 42

Al has been an alcoholic for more than 10 years. He is proud to tell you that he is no longer an alcoholic, and his boss and family can verify this to be the case. When asked how he accomplished this change in his life, what will he say?

A) He recovered on his own, without formal treatment.
B) He began going to AA meetings three years ago and continues to attend.
C) He entered a residential treatment program that used a variety of therapies.
D) He was court ordered to undergo aversion therapy after he was involved in a series of drunk driving accidents.

Question 43

According to the text, which of the following, regardless of theoretical orientation, would be a possible progression of stages in treating alcoholism?

A) detoxification, individual therapy, family therapy
B) detoxification, acknowledgement, denial, obliviousness
C) denial, detoxification, medical treatment, therapy
D) denial, intervention, social support

Question 44

How did E. M. Jellinek, the founder of the modern study of alcoholism, view alcoholism?

A) a sign of moral degeneracy
B) a permanent, irreversible condition
C) a psychological, not physical, addiction
D) a long lasting, but not permanent condition

Question 45

Compared to other males, what is the risk of alcoholism among sons of alcoholics?

A) lower
B) similar
C) twice as high
D) four times as high

Question 46

What does research on sensitivity to alcohol suggest?

A) Different races seem to vary in their sensitivity to alcohol.
B) The apparent variation in individual levels of sensitivity to alcohol is psychological.
C) The only system in the body that is affected directly by alcohol is the central nervous system.
D) Facial flushing, raised body temperature, and rapid pulse are signs of an acquired allergic reaction to alcohol.

Question 47

Which ethnic group is especially sensitive to alcohol?

A) Asians
B) Africans
C) Europeans
D) Middle Eastern

Question 48

Which system of the body is most affected by alcohol?

A) central nervous system
B) autonomic nervous system
C) limbic system
D) peripheral nervous system

Question 49

Albert and Abigail, who weigh the same, each consumed the same amount of alcohol. An hour later, Abigail has a higher blood alcohol level. How do researchers explain this difference in blood alcohol levels?

A) Women tend to drink at a different rate than men.
B) Women have less of the stomach enzyme alcohol hydrogenase.
C) There are hormonal differences that directly influence the breakdown of alcohol.
D) Despite the similar weights, women tend to have digestive organs that are somewhat smaller and thus alcohol moves through the system faster.

Question 50

Your friend Thuy turned 21 a few months ago. Over the last few months she has gone out to bars with friends and had the same bad experience each time she drank even a small amount. Because Thuy is of Asian descent, you recognize that she may have a sensitivity to alcohol that is manifested in which of these symptoms?

A) headaches, nausea, and vomiting
B) difficulty breathing, muscle spasms, and rapid pulse rate
C) double vision, muscle spasms, and ringing sensations in the ears
D) elevated skin temperature, increased pulse rate, and rapid facial flushing

Question 51

Ray has been abusing alcohol for many years. His physical condition has become life-threatening and he finally seeks treatment at University Hospital. He is asked if he would take part in an experimental program involving a relatively new drug for treating alcohol, naltrexone. How is this drug likely to affect his alcohol problem?

A) The drug alters the brain's electrical activity by inducing delta waves.
B) The drug reduces relapse rates in people being treated for drinking problems.
C) The drug increases dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain's reward centers.
D) The drug induces an altered state of consciousness that makes it less likely that people will drink.

Question 52

Rob takes the drug disulfiram every morning. One day at lunch he has a glass of scotch. What is he likely to experience subsequently?

A) There will be no effect.
B) He will become violently ill.
C) He will feel intoxicated much more quickly.
D) The alcohol will be quickly eliminated from his body.

Question 53

What is disulfiram?

A) a toxic form of alcohol
B) a treatment for alcohol abuse
C) a toxic by-product of alcohol abuse
D) an enzyme that metabolizes alcohol

Question 54

According to longitudinal research, which pattern of personality development was found to characterize adult male problem drinkers?

A) felt superior to others
B) introverted as adolescents
C) hostile and submissive as adults
D) able to have satisfactory social relationships

Question 55

How does alcohol act as a positive reinforcer for drinking?

A) reduces anxiety
B) promotes tolerance
C) staves off withdrawal
D) produces pleasant sensations

Question 56

How does alcohol act as a negative reinforcer for drinking?

A) reduces anxiety
B) promotes tolerance
C) produces pleasant sensations
D) associated with social activities

Question 57

Neuroscientists have found evidence suggesting that the reinforcing properties of alcohol are related to alterations in which of the following?

A) dopamine, epinephrine, and serotonin
B) acetylcholine, GABA, and norepinephrine
C) acetylcholine, endorphins, and norepinephrine
D) dopamine, norepinephrine, and opioid peptides

Question 58

In Marlatt and others' study of the importance of expectations about the effects of alcohol, the people who drank the most were those who

A) believed they were drinking tonic.
B) believed they were drinking alcohol.
C) thought they were not being observed.
D) thought they could control their intake.

Question 59

Helping people refrain from drinking by pairing alcohol with a stimulus such as electrical shock is an example of

A) modeling.
B) covert sensitization.
C) operant conditioning.
D) aversive conditioning.

Question 60

Covert sensitization is a technique that teaches patients to associate drinking with

A) nausea and vomiting.
B) social pressure to stop.
C) public and social events.
D) aversive images and fantasies.

Question 61

A group of cognitively oriented therapists is designing a program to address the problems of people who consume excessive amounts of alcohol. As you listen to their discussion, you conclude that a key factor that guides their development of a program is a focus on

A) reversing addictions.
B) overcoming an inherited disability.
C) increasing the ability to cope with stress.
D) finding ways for the clients to express repressed anger.

Question 62

What is the primary goal of many cognitively based alcohol treatment programs?

A) abstinence
B) controlled drinking
C) understanding of intrapsychic causes
D) ability to seek social support from other alcoholics

Question 63

What is the "controlled drinking approach" to the treatment of alcoholism?

A) emphasis is placed on positive social interaction
B) emphasis is placed on building the client's coping skills
C) combines behavioral and medical approaches
D) reinforces social drinking

Question 64

Melissa goes to a therapist for treatment of her alcohol abuse problem. Her therapist helps her to develop new skills and self-control strategies, so that Melissa can practice controlled drinking. Her therapist is probably working from which perspective?

A) medical model
B) humanistic model
C) psychodynamic model
D) cognitive-behavioral model

Question 65

Sam is an alcoholic who is currently in a treatment program. His therapist tells him about people who experience the abstinence-violation effect. In explaining this effect to Sam, what will the therapist say such people see as the cause of a drinking relapse?

A) fate or luck
B) conflict and guilt
C) situational factors
D) peer pressure and competitive instincts

Question 66

A cognitive psychologist was interviewed by a television health reporter. During the interview, the psychologist used the term abstinence-violation effect. When the interviewer asked the psychologist for a definition, the psychologist described it as

A) a patient's tendency to lie about concealed drinking.
B) the fact that drinking in public is illegal in some states.
C) a patient's belief that he or she is being controlled by the therapist.
D) the pattern of falling back to chronic drinking if one slips up even a little.

Question 67

What do relapse prevention programs teach alcoholics to do in response to a drinking relapse?

A) practice controlled drinking
B) view it as a temporary lapse
C) blame themselves, not the situation
D) acknowledge their lack of will power

Question 68

How do proponents of Alcoholics Anonymous view alcoholism?

A) a sin
B) a habit
C) a disease
D) a reversible condition

Question 69

What is the cornerstone of Alcoholics Anonymous's success in helping some individuals to abstain from drinking?

A) social support
B) financial assistance
C) drugs such as disulfiram
D) intensive individual counseling

Question 70

What is one difficulty in interpreting the available evidence on alcohol treatment programs?

A) about half of patients drop out of treatment
B) most information is protected by the government
C) measurements of blood alcohol level are imprecise
D) no control groups, because most alcoholics seek treatment

Question 71

After reviewing the research on the causes of problems related to alcohol, a committee is about to issue its report. The focus of the report will be on what we know about the causes of alcoholism. Which of the following would make the best title for this report?

A) "Toward an Interactional Approach: Personal, Social and Cultural Factors"
B) "Rediscovering the Unconscious Roots of Alcoholism: Freud was More Right than Wrong"
C) "Mapping the Human Genome: Major Advances in Identifying the Genes Responsible for Alcoholism"
D) "The Real Key to Understanding Alcoholism Lies in Family-Induced Cognitive Factors That Are Often Overlooked"

Question 72

A task force on problems of alcohol is investigating rates of alcohol problems among various cultural and ethnic groups. What are they likely to find when they issue their report?

A) Overall, there have been sharp drops in the rates of alcohol problems across ethnic groups.
B) Ethnic groups with high rates of problems in the past have even higher rates now due to social changes.
C) There have been few changes in the rates of alcohol problems for each ethnic group over the past few decades.
D) Ethnic groups with high rates in the past seem to have decreasing rates, whereas groups with low rates are now increasing.

Question 73

Which sociocultural conditions tend to minimize alcohol problems?

A) condemnation of alcohol use as a sin
B) social acceptance of occasional drunkenness
C) considering alcohol a festive beverage, rather than a food
D) exposing children to alcohol at an early age in a family or religious setting

Question 74

Which of the following has been shown to decrease a community's rate of serious alcohol abuse?

A) outlawing alcohol
B) raising taxes on alcohol
C) limits on alcohol advertising
D) restrictions on alcohol use in TV shows

Question 75

What do barbiturates and tranquilizing drugs have in common?

A) They cause insomnia.
B) They are not physically addictive.
C) They are central nervous system depressants.
D) They cause psychotic symptoms at high doses.

Question 76

Which of these is a common medical use for barbiturate drugs?

A) fighting viral infections
B) preventing convulsions
C) reducing hallucinations
D) decreasing blockages in arteries

Question 77

With regard to barbiturate abuse, __________ intoxication occurs when people obtain prescriptions, while __________intoxication occurs when people take barbiturates orally.

A) episodic, chronic
B) intravenous, chronic
C) chronic, chronic
D) episodic, intravenous

Question 78

What type of drug is Valium?

A) opioid
B) barbiturate
C) amphetamine
D) benzodiazepine

Question 79

What is the most well-known synthetic opioid?

A) LSD
B) heroin
C) Valium
D) cocaine

Question 80

What do we call opioids that are manufactured by the brain?

A) morphines
B) endorphins
C) psychedelics
D) benzodiazepines