Deck 3: Communication and Culture

Question 1

Self-esteem is best described as

A) A person's evaluation of self-worth.
B) A person's skills and abilities.
C) A set of perceptions about ourselves.
D) How others view others' skills and abilities.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Adopting different perspectives based on the cultures and situations in which we find ourselves is known as

A) perception checking.
B) attribution.
C) self-serving bias.
D) frame switching.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

"My greedy landlord is ruining my life. Now that he's raised my rent to $5000 a month, I don't know how I'll afford regular maintenance on my Tesla," complained Jarrod, whose comment is an example of

A) perception checking.
B) Humblebragging.
C) Attribution.
D) social comparison.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The stories people create and use to make sense of their personal worlds are called

A) perceptions.
B) narratives.
C) stereotypes.
D) biases.

Question 5

Judy did not correctly complete a task that her supervisor had given her. Judy's supervisor attributed the unsatisfactory result to Judy's failure to listen well or to try hard enough. Judy felt that her errors were due to unclear instructions and to her supervisor's failure to allow enough time to complete the task. Judy's explanation is an example of

A) identity management.
B) self-serving bias.
C) social comparison.
D) perception checking.

Question 6

When you use communication strategies to influence others' perceptions of you, you are engaging in

A) identity management.
B) self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) self-analysis.
D) reflected appraisal.

Question 7

Perceptual tendencies can influence the way we interact with others. All of the following are perceptual tendencies EXCEPT which of the following?

A) Empathizing with others
B) Clinging to first impressions
C) Making snap judgements
D) Stereotyping people

Question 8

Math is your weakest subject. On the first day of college algebra, you tell the student next to you, "I bet I'll get a D in this course." At the end of the semester you get a D. This result could be an example of

A) self-actualization.
B) self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) self-denial.
D) self-motivation.

Question 9

You tell a vulgar joke to your co-worker. She becomes offended and files a complaint with her supervisor. Where did you go wrong?

A) You assumed similarity between you and your co-worker.
B) You chose to tell a joke that wasn't funny.
C) You made a snap judgment about your co-worker.
D) You mistook your co-worker's presenting self for her perceived self.

Question 10

What are the steps in the perception process?

A) Selecting, attending, and interpreting
B) Arranging, processing, and perceiving
C) Organization, interpretation, and communication
D) Selection, organization, and interpretation

Question 11

You self-concept may include any of the following EXCEPT which of the following?

A) Your ethnicity
B) Your appearance
C) Your religious beliefs
D) Your feelings of self-worth

Question 12

Researchers estimate that we inherit what percentage of our personality traits?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 40%
D) Heredity does not determine personality.

Question 13

Even though he is terrible at soccer, Aaron's parents constantly praise his abilities on the field and encourage him to join the soccer team. So, Aaron joins the soccer team. Using your understanding of reflected appraisal, decide which of the following best explains Aaron's reason for joining the soccer team.

A) Aaron has high self-esteem.
B) Aaron actually viewed himself as being a good soccer player.
C) Aaron wanted to please his parents.
D) Aaron wanted to appear like he was a good soccer player to his parents.

Question 14

Which of the following is true about reflected appraisal?

A) Reflected appraisal can have both positive and negative effects on the development of the self.
B) Reflected appraisal can only have positive effects on the development of the self.
C) As we grow older, significant others have a greater influence on our reflected appraisal.
D) Comparing ourselves to others reflects their appraisal of our identity.

Question 15

After watching models on the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, Courtney feels bad about her appearance and begins an unhealthy diet. Her respond is likely due to which of the following processes?

A) Reflected appraisal
B) Social comparison
C) Self-fulfilling prophecy
D) Perception checking

Question 16

Lisa doesn't see herself as being very smart. When she received an A on her history exam, she brushed it off as "dumb luck." What is the most likely explanation for Lisa's response?

A) Lisa is explaining the situation so that it fits her self-concept.
B) Lisa is trying to manage her identity.
C) Lisa has low self-esteem.
D) Lisa is engaging in a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 17

Wei, a Chinese American, interviewed for a job at a large corporation in Beijing. When asked to describe his accomplishments, he downplayed them, hoping that the interviewer would read his resume and view him as highly accomplished but also humble. Wei's communication in the interview was likely the result of

A) social comparison.
B) low self-esteem.
C) reflected appraisal.
D) cultural assumptions.

Question 18

When a person's expectations of an outcome, and subsequent behavior, cause the outcome to occur, it is called

A) self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) self-efficacy.
C) self-serving bias.
D) self-determination.

Question 19

Which of the statements below best encapsulates self-fulfilling prophecy?

A) Thinking positively always results in positive outcomes while thinking negatively always results in negative outcomes.
B) When you expect positive outcomes, it will result in negative outcomes.
C) Expecting a positive outcome causes you to engage in actions, behavior, or thoughts that influence a positive outcome.
D) Positive expectations and positive behavior predict positive outcomes.

Question 20

Jeff is invited to a party at his best friend's house. Jeff does not like parties and would prefer not to go. However, it's his friend's birthday, and he knows that his friend will be mad if he doesn't show up. Still, he expects that he will have a horrible time. Using your understanding of self-fulfilling prophecy, choose the scenario that best predicts how Jeff will handle this situation.

A) Jeff will go to the party, sit by himself on the couch all night, and have a miserable time.
B) Jeff will go to the party, socialize with his friends, and have a good time.
C) Jeff will not go to the party and instead take his friend out to a nice dinner later in the week.
D) Jeff will stay home and watch a movie.

Question 21

One experiment showed that if teachers believe that students in their class are academically gifted, whether they are or not, the students performed better on tests than students who were not identified as "gifted." Directly or indirectly, the teachers had communicated the message, "I think you're bright" to the selected students. What principle of self does this experiment demonstrate?

A) Stereotyping
B) Assuming similarity
C) Self-fulfilling prophecy
D) Self-realization

Question 22

Anytime you experience something new, like moving to a new city or enter a room full of people you don't know, you are sorting out and making sense of the new stimuli. This process is known as the

A) identity management process.
B) process of elimination.
C) identification process.
D) perception process.

Question 23

In the selection stage of the perception process, you are more likely to pay attention to

A) slight changes in the behaviors of your friends.
B) a loud boom in an otherwise quiet building.
C) people who are happy and smiling.
D) low conversations in a crowded room.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a factor in the selection stage of the perception process?

A) Personal goals
B) Changes in stimulation
C) Your emotional state
D) Interpretation of the stimuli

Question 25

Incorrectly thinking that a person's frown indicates their disapproval of you is a problem of which step in the perception process?

A) Selection
B) Organization
C) Recognition
D) Interpretation

Question 26

When you are shown an optical illusion like a vase that also looks like two faces in profile or a picture of a young person that also can look like an old person, you are using which step in the perception process to determine what you see?

A) Selection
B) Organization
C) Interpretation
D) Information

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors listed in the text that affects the way we interpret another's behavior?

A) Self-awareness
B) Knowledge of others
C) Degree of familiarity
D) Personal expectations

Question 28

In which of the following scenarios would your interpretation likely be affected by your personal experience?

A) If you go into a conversation expecting a hostile attitude, you're more likely to hear a negative tone in the other person's voice.
B) If a friend hurts your feelings, you are more likely to forgive and forget if you are generally happy in the relationship.
C) If landlords have unfairly charged you in the past, you might be sceptical about an apartment manager's assurances of refunding your cleaning deposit.
D) You may regard people you just met as less friendly, stable, or conscientious than people you know well.

Question 29

Which of the following is a physiological factor that can affect perception and communication?

A) Halo effect
B) Implicit bias
C) Gendered expectations
D) Nutritional health

Question 30

The idea that gender is a multidimensional collection of qualities rather than a set of "masculine" or "feminine" behaviors is embodied in which of the following ideas?

A) A gender matrix
B) Gendered expectations
C) Sex
D) Genderlects

Question 31

Which idea is defined by our unconsciously held associations about a social group which can affect how we judge others?

A) Cultural influences
B) Implicit bias
C) Attributions
D) Snap judgements

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT an influence on perception discussed in the text?

A) Mass media
B) Physiology
C) Stereotypes
D) Relational roles

Question 33

In the study of communication, narratives

A) lead only to disagreement and misunderstanding.
B) are designed to teach us a lesson through example.
C) prevent us from understanding another person's behaviour.
D) offer a framework for explaining behavior and shaping future communication.

Question 34

Which of the following is an accurate statement about first impressions?

A) First impressions are a way of stereotyping others and a means for controlling our environment.
B) The impressions we develop when we first meet a person never change.
C) Our first impressions cause others to behave in ways that fit our expectations.
D) First impressions are not useful and have little impact on the way we respond to people.

Question 35

One study found that 74% of people who notice spelling and grammar errors on a website will avoid doing business with that company. This reaction exemplifies the power of

A) overgeneralization.
B) snap judgements.
C) mediated communication.
D) identity management.

Question 36

Which of the following is suggested as a way to avoid categorizing people?

A) Admit that stereotypes are based on small nuggets of truth.
B) Keep in mind that someone's most noticeable characteristics are the most important.
C) Appreciate others as unique individuals instead of assuming they are defined by membership in a particular group.
D) Assume others are similar to you, with similar ideas and characteristics.

Question 37

What is negativity bias?

A) The tendency to judge others more favorably than we judge ourselves.
B) A form of bias that overgeneralizes positive or negative traits.
C) Clinging to first impressions.
D) The tendency to focus more on negative impressions than on positive ones.

Question 38

Gretchen got high marks on her midterm exam in her Mass Communications class, so the teacher gave her an "A" on the final exam without even reading it. This response is an illustration what effect?

A) Horns effect
B) Halo effect
C) COMM effect
D) Narrative effect

Question 39

Overgeneralizing others in an unfairly negative light on the basis of a single negative trait or experience is known as the

A) fundamental attribution error.
B) Halo effect.
C) Horns effect.
D) negativity bias.

Question 40

Ben has been listening to rock music all day long, and it is starting to upset his roommate, Greg. Greg wants Ben to turn off the music. At this moment, though, Ben needs the music to study for his midterm. Both men want to successfully resolve this issue. To do this, Greg and Ben will have to

A) lower their expectations.
B) have greater empathy for each other.
C) exhibit greater commitment to the friendship.
D) communicate more.

Question 41

Which of the following is an example of a complete perception check?

A) "I wonder whether something is bothering you or whether you're just feeling quiet. What's up?
B) "You said you really liked the job I did, but there was something about your voice that made me think you did not like it. Maybe it's just my imagination."
C) "You haven't dropped by lately, and I'm not sure if it's because of me. Is anything the matter?"
D) "You didn't call me back after we had that argument. I wasn't sure if you were busy or if you were upset with me. Why didn't you call?"

Question 42

Debbie volunteers for a local non-profit organization and makes annual donations to a number of charities. She does this to show people her selfless and giving nature. Moreover, Debbie believes herself to be a good person, not because she actually thinks she is a good person, but because others admire her for her work. Debbie's beliefs about herself exemplify the concept of

A) ideal self.
B) reflective self.
C) face.
D) perceived self.

Question 43

Another word for your presenting self is

A) face.
B) script.
C) identity.
D) frame.

Question 44

Which of the following is true about self-esteem and social media?

A) Face-to-face communication is more meaning than social media in terms of boosting self-esteem.
B) Self-esteem is raised when people engage in "trophy hunting," finding the perfect photo to post online.
C) Text-based interactions (tweets, texts, emails) often contribute to self-esteem more than face-to-face communication.
D) College students who accept their own strengths and weaknesses are less likely to show their true selves on social media.

Question 45

The ability to construct multiple identities is one element of which skill?

A) Empathy
B) Communication competence
C) Emotional intelligence
D) Self-esteem

Question 46

When we say identity management is collaborative, what does that mean?

A) You will modify your identity in response to the other's behavior.
B) You will communicate an identity that is different from the other person's.
C) You will work with others to create a socially appropriate identity.
D) You will work together to reach an agreement on how their identities should mesh.

Question 47

Which of the following best characterizes a low self-monitor?

A) Low self-monitors need to impress others.
B) Low self-monitors need to be themselves.
C) Low self-monitors are socially adept.
D) Low self-monitors watch what they say.

Question 48

To maintain "face," we engage in _______ tasks to manage our own identity and to communicate in ways that reinforce the identities that others are trying to present.

Question 49

The influence of others on the way we think about ourselves is known as reflected _______.

Question 50

Once you have selected and organized your perceptions, the next step in the process is _______.

Question 51

A person's developmental stage, their health and nutrition, or their biological cycles are all ___________ factors which can influence their perception and communication.

Question 52

________ are widely held but oversimplified or inaccurate ideas tied to social categorizations.

Question 53

A parent telling her daughter, "Don't act like that; it's not ladylike," is a form of stereotyping called ________ expectations.

Question 54

Remarks which seem casual at first but are actually hurtful, especially when directed at a member of a marginalized group, are called _________.

Question 55

Some of the greatest obstacles to understanding arise from __________, which is the process of attaching meaning to behavior, your own behavior and the behavior of others.

Question 56

__________ are habitual, reflexive ways of behaving developed over time.

Question 57

People tend to favor characteristics and ideas that are similar to their own; this tendency is referred to as gravitating to the __________.

Question 58

Leah thinks she is a good singer; her parents have always told her so, but when she entered a singing contest, she came in last place. Researchers would use the term _______ mirror to describe the gap between her self-perception and a more objective assessment.

Question 59

Matching
-ability to imagine another person's point of view

A) Empathy
B) Sympathy
C) Emotional intelligence
D) Self-awareness
E) Self-regulation
F) Internal motivation

Question 60

Matching
-Compassion for another's situation

A) Empathy
B) Sympathy
C) Emotional intelligence
D) Self-awareness
E) Self-regulation
F) Internal motivation

Question 61

Matching
-ability to understand and manage your own emotions and deal effectively with the emotions of others

A) Empathy
B) Sympathy
C) Emotional intelligence
D) Self-awareness
E) Self-regulation
F) Internal motivation

Question 62

Matching
-Understanding how you feel

A) Empathy
B) Sympathy
C) Emotional intelligence
D) Self-awareness
E) Self-regulation
F) Internal motivation

Question 63

Matching
-ability to manage your emotions effectively

A) Empathy
B) Sympathy
C) Emotional intelligence
D) Self-awareness
E) Self-regulation
F) Internal motivation

Question 64

Matching
-ability to find the inner strength and determination to accomplish important goals

A) Empathy
B) Sympathy
C) Emotional intelligence
D) Self-awareness
E) Self-regulation
F) Internal motivation

Question 65

Matching
-process of attending to information or ignoring it

A) Selection
B) Perception
C) Interpretation
D) Organization

Question 66

Matching
-process of using sensory data to reach conclusions about others and the world

A) Selection
B) Perception
C) Interpretation
D) Organization

Question 67

Matching
-process of arranging information into patterns

A) Selection
B) Perception
C) Interpretation
D) Organization

Question 68

Matching
-Self-concept

A) A set of largely stable perceptions about oneself
B) Our evaluation of our own self-worth
C) Set of enduring characteristics that define a person's temperament, thought processes, and social behavior
D) influence of others on one's self-concept

Question 69

Matching
-Self-esteem

A) A set of largely stable perceptions about oneself
B) Our evaluation of our own self-worth
C) Set of enduring characteristics that define a person's temperament, thought processes, and social behavior
D) influence of others on one's self-concept

Question 70

Matching
-Personality

A) A set of largely stable perceptions about oneself
B) Our evaluation of our own self-worth
C) Set of enduring characteristics that define a person's temperament, thought processes, and social behavior
D) influence of others on one's self-concept

Question 71

Matching
-Reflected appraisal

A) A set of largely stable perceptions about oneself
B) Our evaluation of our own self-worth
C) Set of enduring characteristics that define a person's temperament, thought processes, and social behavior
D) influence of others on one's self-concept