Deck 8: Social Movements

Question 1

___________ organized efforts to promote or resist change in society that rely, at least in part, on noninstitutionalized forms of political action.

A) social movement organizations
B) social movements
C) spearhead organizations
D) social movement segments

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
(SNCC) are all examples of what?

A) social movement organizations
B) social movements
C) spearhead organizations
D) social movement segments

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Meyer and Kretschmer identified several key characteristics of social movements. Which of the following is NOT one of those key characteristics?

A) Social movements provide outlets for the expression of constructed social and political identity.
B) Discussing specific starting and ending points of a movement is difficult.
C) Social movements develop their own cultures that are completely separate from mainstream politics and culture.
D) Different people and groups share certain goals but differ on various issues as well. Thus factions can develop within the movement.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which perspective has a difficult time understanding and explaining social movements?

A) pluralism
B) elite-managerial
C) class
D) rational choice

Question 5

Elite theory most closely relates with which social movement theory:

A) resource mobilization.
B) political process
C) frame
D) collective behavior

Question 6

Class theory most closely relates with which social movement theory:

A) resource mobilization.
B) political process
C) frame
D) collective behavior

Question 7

Mancur Olson coined the term _________ to identify someone who does not participate but still reaps the benefits of the sacrifices of other participants.

A) cognitive liberation
B) free-rider
C) framing
D) insurgent

Question 8

____________ is the shared definition of a group that is based on members' common interests, solidarity, and experiences.

A) Cognitive liberation
B) Framing
C) Collective identity
D) Insurgency

Question 9

__________ refers to the active processes that individuals and groups engage in to create, see, and understand the world around them.

A) Cognitive liberation
B) Framing
C) Collective identity
D) Insurgency

Question 10

___________ are social movements based on identity, quality of life, and democratic procedures.

A) Social movement organizations
B) New social movements
C) Old social movements
D) Smart growth movements

Question 11

Which of the following is a characteristic of New Social Movements?

A) The role of the state is the major target of movement
B) Most supporters are working class.
C) Identity concerns tend to be personal such as who one is or one's ethnicity, race, gender, or sexual orientation.
D) Organization is mainly centralized and bureaucratic with focus on the industrial and modern time periods.

Question 12

__________ refers to a community oriented planning philosophy.

A) progrowth
B) smart growth
C) urban renewal
D) none of the above

Question 13

_________ fills the gaps left by political process and resource mobilization by identifying the importance of the shared definition of a group based on common interests, solidarity, and experiences.

A) collective action frames
B) framing
C) collective identity
D) Boundaries

Question 14

Of the three key concepts related to collective identity that help political sociologists better understand collective identity, _________ refers to the physical, psychological, and social structures that lay the foundation for differences between the dominant group and the challenging group.

A) boundaries
B) consciousness
C) negotiations
D) prognostics

Question 15

Of the three key concepts related to collective identity that help political sociologists better understand collective identity, _________ involves an ongoing process by which members come to realize the significance of their common interests, experiences, and membership in the collectivity in opposition to the dominant system.

A) boundaries
B) consciousness
C) negotiations
D) prognostics

Question 16

Of the three key concepts related to collective identity that help political sociologists better understand collective identity, _________ refers to the ways by which social movement activists try to change symbolic meanings and negative definitions into more positive evaluations.

A) boundaries
B) consciousness
C) negotiations
D) prognostics

Question 17

___________refers to focusing, clarifying, or invigorating an interpretive frame.

A) Frame amplification
B) Frame extension
C) Frame transformation
D) Frame bridging

Question 18

___________ occurs when the boundaries of the primary framework of the movement are enlarged to include other interests or points of view.

A) Frame amplification
B) Frame extension
C) Frame transformation
D) Frame bridging

Question 19

___________ exists when the programs, causes, and values of the movement are not in line with conventional society, and the movement tries to gather support by professing new values and redefining activities and events.

A) Frame amplification
B) Frame extension
C) Frame transformation
D) Frame bridging

Question 20

___________ involves linking two or more ideologically congruent but structurally unconnected frames regarding a particular issue or concern.
Frame bridging

A) Frame amplification
B) Frame extension
C) Frame transformation
D) Frame bridging

Question 21

Benford noted several criticisms of the framing perspective. All of the following are criticisms according to Benford except:

A) The framing of rank-and-file members has been overemphasized to the detriment of looking at the framing of movement elites.
B) The empirical studies that have been done have been more descriptive than analytical.
C) The emphasis has been placed on frames as static objects rather than as dynamic processes being constructed, negotiated, contested, reconstructed, and transformed.
D) At times, the role of human agency as well as the role of emotions has been neglected.

Question 22

Social movement theorists are now looking at the role of emotions. Which of the following is not true about the role of emotions in the study of social movements?

A) Social scientists still know little about the emotions that accompany and shape collective identity.
B) The dichotomy of rationality versus emotion is a major significant dichotomy in the study of social movements and political decision making.
C) Emotions influence the course of development of a social movement while the movement's development and its victories and failures also influence the participants' emotions.
D) Some social scientists argue we need to integrate the study of emotions into social movements because an analysis that disregards emotional dimensions of attachments and commitments is incapable of explaining the determination of activists in the face of high risk.

Question 23

McAdam identified three key concepts that are important in developing a synthetic explanation of social movements. Which of the following is NOT one of those concepts?

A) Expanding political opportunities and threats
B) Mobilizing structures
C) Framing
D) Social breakdown

Question 24

The authors discuss the life cycle of social movements. They make certain assumptions that include all of the following except:

A) Social movements go through a complex lifecycle
B) There is a definitive start and end to the lifecycle of a social movement.
C) There are peaks of social movement activity at what appears to be the start of social movements.
D) The emergence, mobilization and decline of social movements involve many different factors.

Question 25

__________ refer to the prospects available that are found in social structure that either help or hinder social movements in their efforts to achieve a desired end.

A) Cognitive liberation
B) Indigenous social organizations
C) Collective identity
D) Political opportunity structures

Question 26

_________ refers to the individuals, organization, and informal and formal social networks in place that are sympathetic and/or supportive of the cause of the social movement.

A) Cognitive liberation
B) Indigenous social organizations
C) Collective identity
D) Political opportunity structures

Question 27

Mobilizing structures refer

A) to those collective vehicles, informal as well as formal, through which people mobilize and engage in collective action.
B) to the formal and informal networks that transmit and allow for the flow of resources, knowledge, and people.
C) the individuals, organization, and informal and formal social networks in place that are sympathetic and/or supportive of the cause of the social movement.
D) none of the above

Question 28

Social movement activists have started to use social media and online technologies to:

A) share information
B) coordinate activities
C) pressure political leaders in real time
D) all of the above

Question 29

Earl has studied the topic of repression. All of the following are true according to her EXCEPT:

A) The study of repression has focused on the actions of private actors (e.g., countermovements) or those acts that are less violent rather than on violent coercive state-based acts.
B) The study of repression should be more appropriately labeled "protest control."
C) Until the last decade or so research on repression lagged behind that of many other topics of social movement studies.
D) What motivates research on repression has been a desire to understand how nonmovement actors influence the form and level of protest.

Question 30

Some researchers have criticized NSM theory as overstating the "newness" of identity, quality of life-based social movements.

Question 31

Framing is a static process.

Question 32

Prognostic framing revolves around the question of what is reality and considers the identification of a problem, whom to blame, or what are the causal forces.

Question 33

Diagnostic framing, on the other hand, considers how to change the reality, with emphasis on solutions.

Question 34

Research has found that disruptions in social organization are a factor in the emergence of social movements.

Question 35

Despite claims that social movement emergence is related to objects political opportunity structures (POSs), some researchers have been able to show social movement mobilization in the absence of any POS.

Question 36

Social movement outcomes include a wide variety of things from policy decisions to expansion of a movement's social capital to changes in participants' biographies.

Question 37

The diffusion of social movements tactics and strategies has led to rise in transnational movements.

Question 38

___________ are organized efforts to promote or resist change in society that rely, at least in part, on noninstitutionalized forms of political action.

Question 39

A ___________ is defined as a complex, or formal, organization that identifies its goals with the preferences of a social movement or a countermovement and attempts to implement those goals.

Question 40

The pluralist approach most closely aligns with early models of ___________.

Question 41

Mancur Olson coined the term _________ to identify someone who does not participate but still reaps the benefits of the sacrifices of other participants.

Question 42

Social movements based on economic and class based issues such as those associated with labor are referred to as ___________.

Question 43

Social movements based on identity, quality of life, and democratic procedures are referred to as ___________

Question 44

__________ is a community-oriented planning philosophy that recently has been adopted by social movements that espouse NSM qualities.

Question 45

____________ is the shared definition of a group that is based on members' common interests, solidarity, and experiences.

Question 46

Of the three key concepts related to collective identity that help political sociologists better understand collective identity, _________ refers to the physical, psychological, and social structures that lay the foundation for differences between the dominant group and the challenging group.

Question 47

__________ refers to the active processes that individuals and groups engage in to create, see, and understand the world around them.

Question 48

___________refers to focusing, clarifying, or invigorating an interpretive frame.

Question 49

___________ occurs when the boundaries of the primary framework of the movement are enlarged to include other interests or points of view.

Question 50

___________ exists when the programs, causes, and values of the movement are not in line with conventional society, and the movement tries to gather support by professing new values and redefining activities and events.

Question 51

___________ involves linking two or more ideologically congruent but structurally unconnected frames regarding a particular issue or concern.

Question 52

In light of a fifty year backlash to early collective behavior studies that view social movements as irrational and disorganized, social movement theorists have started to analyze the role of __________ in social movement activities.

Question 53

__________ refer to the prospects available that are found in the social structure that either help or hinder social movements in their efforts to achieve a desired end.

Question 54

_________ refers to the individuals, organization, and informal and formal social networks in place that are sympathetic and/or supportive of the cause of the social movement.

Question 55

_________ are networks of individuals and organizations make competing claims on the state of matters of policy and politics and vie for attention from the mass media and broader public

Question 56

Why is it important for political sociologists to study and understand social movements?

Question 57

Why does the pluralist perspective have a difficult time explaining social movements?

Question 58

How would each of the following perspectives view social movements?
(a) pluralism
(b) elite-managerial
(c) class
(d) rational choice
(e) institutionalist; and (f) postmodern.

Question 59

What is the "free-rider" problem and how does it relate to social movements?

Question 60

What are New Social Movements? What are the criticisms of NSM?

Question 61

Using smart growth movements as an example, explain what the authors mean by New Social Movement.

Question 62

What are the three key concepts that help political sociologists better understand collective identity?

Question 63

What are the four techniques of frame alignment?

Question 64

Describe the general "life-cycle" of social movements.

Question 65

What do social movement theorists mean by "strain, conflict, or breakdown"?

Question 66

What are the four components that shape and influence political opportunity structures?

Question 67

How do social movements matter?

Question 68

What internal social movement characteristics influence the likelihood for success or failure?

Question 69

What factors external to social movements influence the likelihood for success or failure?

Question 70

Examine your local community (or one that you are particularly knowledgeable of) and try to identify examples of current or recently passed collective action/social movement. Do these efforts more closely relate to "old" or "new" social movements?

Question 71

Identify a social movement organization and answer the following questions:
(a) What is the purpose of the organization? What are the organizations main goals?
(b) What types of campaigns is the organization currently working on? What kinds of activities does the organization do?
(c) What tactics/strategies does the organization use?
(d) What are the central collective action frames (diagnostic and prognostic frames)?
(e) What are the group's successes? What are the group's major challenges or failures?
(f) How does this organization reflect a broader social movement?