Deck 8: Analyzing Data: Understanding Statistics

Question 1

Which type of statistics helps researchers to estimate the effects of sampling errors on their results?

A) univariate statistics
B) bivariate statistics
C) multivariate statistics
D) inferential statistics

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which type of statistics helps researchers examine the relationship between a population's age, height, and weight?

A) univariate statistics
B) bivariate statistics
C) multivariate statistics
D) inferential statistics

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which type of statistics helps researchers describe a population's average age?

A) univariate statistics
B) bivariate statistics
C) multivariate statistics
D) inferential statistics

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which variable type corresponds to the outcome being measured?

A) dependent
B) independent
C) categorical
D) nominal

Question 5

If a researcher asks participants to name the country in which they were born, the researcher is using which scale of measurement?

A) categorical
B) nominal
C) ratio
D) continuous

Question 6

Percentages for different groups are expressed on a common scale with what base?

A) 0.1
B) 1.0
C) 10
D) 100

Question 7

Proportions have a base of what?

A) 0.1
B) 1.0
C) 10
D) 100

Question 8

When reporting a percentage, it is a good idea to also report the underlying number of cases.

Question 9

Which of the following is the name of the curve that is symmetrical?

A) normal curve
B) frequency polygon
C) positive skew
D) negative skew

Question 10

In most populations, income has what type of curve?

A) normal curve
B) frequency polygon
C) positive skew
D) negative skew

Question 11

Which of the following is another name for a normal distribution?

A) mean
B) median
C) positive skew
D) negative skew

Question 12

"The value around which the deviations sum to zero" is the definition of which of the following?

A) mean
B) median
C) mode
D) null set

Question 13

Which of the following is useful for describing the averages of skewed distributions?

A) mean
B) median
C) mode
D) null set

Question 14

Which of the following is the middle of a distribution?

A) mean
B) median
C) mode
D) null set

Question 15

The standard deviation is used to describe what property of a set of scores?

A) sample size
B) variability
C) frequency distribution
D) reliability

Question 16

If the median for a group of participants is 25.00, what percentage of the participants has scores above a score of 25.00?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) can't be determined from this information

Question 17

How is the range of a set of scores calculated?

A) highest score minus the lowest score
B) highest score plus the lowest score
C) highest score divided by the lowest score
D) lowest score minus the highest score

Question 18

What is interquartile range?

A) range of the middle 50% of results
B) range of the middle 25% of results
C) variability within each quarter of data
D) variability between each quarter of data

Question 19

Which of the following is used to describe the margin of error for a study?

A) alpha
B) p-value
C) confidence level
D) confidence interval

Question 20

Which of the following is used to describe the statistical significance of results?

A) alpha
B) p-value
C) confidence level
D) confidence interval

Question 21

Which of the following is a measure of how unlikely it is that results were obtained by chance?

A) alpha
B) p-value
C) confidence level
D) confidence interval

Question 22

Which of the following is calculated as 100% minus alpha?

A) frequency
B) p-value
C) confidence level
D) confidence interval

Question 23

Which of the following is a way to say a researcher has rejected the null hypothesis?

A) the results are statistically significant
B) the confidence interval is less than 0.05
C) the confidence level is greater than the p-value
D) the p-value is greater than the confidence interval

Question 24

What is the null hypothesis?

A) the possibility that the sample is fatally biased
B) the possibility that the results are improperly calculated
C) the possibility that the results are random chance
D) the possibility that the true result is within the margin of error

Question 25

What does sampling error result from?

A) random chance
B) biased sample selection
C) confounding variables
D) lack of a control group

Question 26

A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient expresses what?

A) a linear relationship between two variables
B) a linear relationship between three or more variables
C) an asynchronous relationship between two variables
D) any relationship between dependent variables

Question 27

When the relationship between two variables is perfect and inverse, what is the value of r?

A) -0.1
B) -1.0
C) 0.1
D) 1.0

Question 28

Researchers convert values of Pearson r to the coefficient of determination to do which of the following?

A) account for the margin of error
B) represent variables in terms of percentages
C) represent correlation in terms of percentages
D) plot results on a graph

Question 29

Suppose you read that t = 2.000, df = 20, p > .05 for the difference between two means. Using conventional standards, the null hypothesis should be rejected.

Question 30

Suppose you read that t = 2.859, df = 40, p < .01 for the difference between two means. True or False: Using conventional standards, the null hypothesis should be rejected.

Question 31

Which of the following does NOT cause a t test to yield a low probability?

A) small sample size
B) small difference between means
C) low standard deviation
D) heterogeneous population

Question 32

If a researcher compares two means for significance, what difference in probability will the ANOVA and the t test find?

A) ANOVA will be slightly higher
B) t test will be slightly higher
C) none
D) can't be determined from this information

Question 33

Which of the following will consumers of research be most concerned with when considering an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test of the null hypothesis?

A) a statistic called F
B) mean square
C) sum of squares
D) p value

Question 34

What test might a researcher use to determine which individual pairs of means are significantly different from each other?

A) t test
B) ANOVA test
C) multiple comparisons test
D) statistical regression

Question 35

Researchers use two-way analysis of variance to determine what?

A) the interaction of multiple independent variables on dependent variables
B) the interaction of multiple dependent variables
C) the variance between multiple dependent variables
D) test of the null hypothesis

Question 36

In analysis of variance, each way in which participants are classified yields what?

A) a main effect
B) a side effect
C) a dependent variable
D) a p-value

Question 37

What does this topic recommend the consumer of research attend to in the reported results of the chi-square test?

A) degrees of freedom (df )
B) p-value
C) chi-square value
D) number of variables

Question 38

A chi-square test is used for what type of variable?

A) dependent
B) independent
C) nominal
D) ordinal

Question 39

If a researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis, the difference in question is statistically significant.

Question 40

What is the name of the error researchers make when they fail to reject the null hypothesis when, in fact, it is an incorrect hypothesis?

A) Type I error
B) Type II error
C) double negative
D) confirmation bias

Question 41

Which of the following is a Type I error?

A) failing to do a chi-square test on bivariate analysis
B) failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is an incorrect hypothesis
C) rejecting the null hypothesis when it is a correct hypothesis
D) performing the chi-square test before determining p-value

Question 42

When a researcher rejects the null hypothesis at exactly the .05 level (i.e., p = .05), there are how many chances in 100 that the null hypothesis is correct?

A) .05
B) .5
C) 5
D) 20

Question 43

How many dependent variables can there be in regression models?

A) none
B) one
C) two
D) three or more

Question 44

How many independent variables can there be in regression models?

A) none
B) one
C) two
D) three or more

Question 45

Regression is similar to correlation because it looks for what type of relationship between variables?

A) a linear association
B) an independent association
C) a dependent association
D) a causal link

Question 46

Statistical significance addresses whether a difference is reliable in light of what?

A) computational errors
B) sampling errors
C) study design errors
D) random errors

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT part of determining the practical significance of random error?

A) cost-benefit analysis
B) multiple regression analysis
C) crucial difference analysis
D) client acceptability

Question 48

This topic describes how many types of considerations for determining practical significance?

A) four
B) five
C) six
D) seven