Deck 11: International Law and Organization and the Quest for Peace

Question 1

Which of the following is an example of a universal international organization?

A) The European Union.
B) The North American Free Trade Association.
C) The United Nations.
D) The North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which group of theorists regards international law as an important factor in global politics?

A) Neorealists.
B) Neoliberals.
C) Constructivists.
D) Marxists.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

How does international law differ from domestic law?

A) There is no executive to enforce international law.
B) Global legislative authority is relatively weak.
C) There are few international courts with the authority to interpret international law.
D) Judges on international courts are selected by the United Nations.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Why do countries usually obey international law?

A) They fear UN sanctions.
B) They regard obedience to the law as a moral imperative.
C) International law affects all states equally.
D) They want other countries to reciprocate.

Question 5

What international agency codifies long-standing customs?

A) UN Security Council.
B) The International Criminal Court.
C) UN International Law Commission.
D) UNESCO.

Question 6

How far offshore does a state's sovereignty extend?

A) 3 miles.
B) 10 miles.
C) 12 miles.
D) 50 miles.

Question 7

What international legal instrument deals with the treatment of the sick and wounded in war and the treatment of prisoners of war?

A) The UN Charter.
B) The Genocide Convention.
C) The Geneva Conventions.
D) The Convention of the International Red Cross.

Question 8

What American diplomat was responsible for planning the United Nations?

A) Dean Acheson.
B) Henry L. Stimson.
C) Cordell Hull.
D) Edward R. Stettinius.

Question 9

What is stated in Article 51 of the UN Charter?

A) States retain the right of self-defense.
B) Aggressive war is prohibited.
C) Resolutions of the UN Security Council are binding.
D) The great powers possess a veto in Security Council.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the United Nations?

A) It was established as a supranational agency to govern states.
B) Its principal task was to limit the sovereign rights of states.
C) It was hoped that it could evolve into a world government.
D) It is based on the principle of sovereign equality.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes international law?

A) It is largely the product of natural law.
B) Until recently, it dealt only with states.
C) It entails law above rather than among states.
D) Since the time of Hugo Grotius, it has declared illegal state abuses of citizens.

Question 12

What is meant by the principle of "discrimination" in warfare?

A) A response to a wrong should not exceed the harm caused by the wrong.
B) Sovereign states must enforce domestic laws equally on all ethnic groups.
C) Sovereign states must provide asylum equally to refugees from all other countries.
D) States must distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate targets in warfare.

Question 13

Which of the following is usually a criterion of just war?

A) It is waged in defense of democracy.
B) It requires a just cause such as self-defense.
C) It is strongly supported by a country's citizens.
D) It reflects the basic normative ideals of a society.

Question 14

Which of the following reflects what Grotius meant by "just reasons for war" as opposed to "just conduct of war"?

A) War is just when waged in response to aggression.
B) It is unjust to mistreat prisoners of war.
C) A just war requires that civilians not be harassed by soldiers.
D) The destruction of religious sites is illegal.

Question 15

What war did former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan brand as "illegal"?

A) The Persian Gulf War of 1991.
B) The war in Bosnian of 1992-1995.
C) The war in Kosovo of 1999.
D) The Iraq war of 2003.

Question 16

Why was the bombing of a hospital in Aleppo, Syria, run by the NGO Doctors Without Borders, by either Russian or Syrian aircraft in 2016 widely denounced?

A) The war did not have a reasonable chance of achieving its goals.
B) The war had been initiated for reasons of self-interest.
C) The war was not declared by proper authorities.
D) It was an illegitimate target.

Question 17

Which of the following principles guided the US decision to halt attacking Iraqi soldiers in 1991?

A) A war should have a reasonable chance of achieving its goals.
B) A war should be fought in self-defense.
C) A war requires good intentions.
D) The ends sought in a war should be proportional to the means used.

Question 18

Which of the following might Grotius condemn as illegal?

A) Israel's preemptive attack on Egypt in 1967.
B) France's declaration of war against Germany in 1939.
C) Al Qaeda's attack on New York on 9/11.
D) Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.

Question 19

What group of theorists believes that international organizations can and should behave independently of their member states?

A) Realists.
B) Liberals.
C) Constructivists.
D) Marxists.

Question 20

What group of theorists believes that international organizations can become autonomous actors if global norms evolve in that direction?

A) Realists.
B) Liberals.
C) Constructivists.
D) Marxists.

Question 21

What economist was an influential advocate of European integration?

A) Jean Monnet.
B) Ernst Haas.
C) Robert Schuman.
D) John Maynard Keynes.

Question 22

What nineteenth-century institution was not a fully fledged international organization but was rather an informal mechanism for consultation among the great powers?

A) The Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague.
B) The World Health Organization.
C) The Concert of Europe.
D) The International Labor Organization

Question 23

Why do constructivists regard The Hague Conventions as important?

A) They dealt with defects in the global system rather than trying to end a particular war.
B) They established precedents in changing our views about managing violence.
C) They emphasized the central role of arbitration in resolving conflicts.
D) They piqued American interest in the potential role of arbitration in resolving conflicts.

Question 24

Which of the following is not a member of the United Nations?

A) Luxembourg.
B) The Vatican.
C) Vanuatu.
D) Chad.

Question 25

What spurred the UN to develop new "peacekeeping" techniques?

A) Decolonization and the entry of new members into the UN.
B) Growing recognition of the role of economic and social factors in causing violence.
C) Deadlock in the Security Council owing to US-Soviet disagreements.
D) The growing power of the nonaligned movement in the UN.

Question 26

Which UN organ most clearly reflects the ideal of sovereign equality?

A) Security Council.
B) General Assembly.
C) Secretariat.
D) Economic and Social Council.

Question 27

Why did American interest in the General Assembly wane during the Cold War?

A) The Soviet bloc and the less-developed states opposed the United States.
B) General Assembly resolutions could not be enforced.
C) No American was selected as UN Secretary-General.
D) The US wanted to limit the growth in the UN budget.

Question 28

According to the UN Charter, which UN organ enjoys primary responsibility for maintaining peace and security?

A) The Security Council.
B) The General Assembly.
C) The International Court of Justice.
D) The Secretariat.

Question 29

In what two cases did the Security Council invoke Chapter Seven of the Charter to recommend that members use military means to repel aggression?

A) The Iraq-Iran War and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
B) The invasion of Iraq and the Korean War.
C) The 1956 Suez War and the war in Bosnia.
D) The Korean War and the Persian Gulf War.

Question 30

Which of the following does not have a veto in the Security Council?

A) Germany.
B) France.
C) China.
D) Great Britain.

Question 31

Who was the UN Secretary-General until 2016?

A) Kofi Annan.
B) Kurt Waldheim.
C) Ban Ki-moon.
D) Boutros Boutros-Ghali.

Question 32

Which UN organ accounts for most of the organization's budget and employees?

A) The Security Council.
B) The General Assembly.
C) The Secretariat.
D) The Economic and Social Council.

Question 33

What is the most formidable challenge facing the UN today in its efforts to maintain peace?

A) Civil strife in less-developed countries.
B) The proliferation of nuclear weapons,
C) Tensions between China and its neighbors.
D) Russia's annexation of Ukraine.

Question 34

What specialized organization fosters cooperation in education, science, and culture, and encourages the preservation of cultural treasures?

A) World Intellectual Property Organization.
B) The World Bank Group.
C) UNESCO.
D) World Tourism Association.

Question 35

What has been the largest UN peacekeeping mission to date?

A) UN Emergency Force I.
B) UN Protection Force.
C) UN Interim Force in Lebanon.
D) UN Force in Cyprus.

Question 36

What was the main "lesson" of the UN Operation in the Congo between 1960 and 1963?

A) The role of natural resources in triggering violence in Africa.
B) The difficulty of remaining impartial in civil wars.
C) The need for heavily armed troops in most peacekeeping operations.
D) The importance of getting the superpowers involved in peacekeeping.

Question 37

Which of the following was not a feature of successful UN peacekeeping during the Cold War?

A) The line separating adversaries must be clear.
B) The use of force should be minimal.
C) Both sides must consent to the UN presence.
D) UN forces must include soldiers from the superpowers.

Question 38

Which the following reflects a change in UN peacekeeping operations since the end of the Cold War?

A) Adversaries do not always consent to a UN presence.
B) UN forces are being sent to the less-developed world.
C) Operations since the end of the Cold War are less expensive and less complex.
D) Operations since the end of the Cold War are increasingly authorized under Chapter 6 of the Charter.

Question 39

Which of the UN-authorized missions led to "regime change"?

A) Intervention in Bosnia in 1992.
B) Intervention in Kosovo in 1999.
C) Intervention in Libya in 2011.
D) Intervention in Korea in 1953.

Question 40

Which of the following was the scene of a genocide that later led to a UN mission to rebuild the country?

A) Iraq.
B) Haiti.
C) Cambodia.
D) Slovenia.

Question 41

Which of the following countries joined NATO in 1990?

A) East Germany.
B) Georgia.
C) Ukraine.
D) Greece.

Question 42

Which chapter of the UN Charter describes peacekeeping?

A) Chapter 5.
B) Chapter 6.
C) Chapter 7.
D) None of the above.

Question 43

What was Stephen Krasner referring to when he asked: "Is it a state, a commonwealth, a dominion, a confederation of states, a federation of states?"

A) The World Trade Organization.
B) The European Union.
C) NATO.
D) The Organization of Security and Cooperation.

Question 44

What was the first step in integrating the countries of Europe after World War II?

A) The European Atomic Energy Commission.
B) The European Common Market.
C) The European Coal and Steel Community.
D) The Single European Act.

Question 45

What major country initially refused to join the European Common Market?

A) Great Britain.
B) Italy.
C) West Germany.
D) France.

Question 46

To date what has been the most important international organization in the Americas?

A) The Free Trade Area of the Americas.
B) The Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas.
C) The US-Canada Free Trade Agreement.
D) The Organization of American States.

Question 47

Which of the following was the first country to choose to leave the European Union?

A) Serbia.
B) Greece.
C) Turkey.
D) Great Britain.

Question 48

Which of the following countries is not yet a member of European Union but seeks admission to that group?

A) Lithuania.
B) Poland.
C) Hungary.
D) Turkey.