Deck 14: Human Rights

Question 1

Which of the following philosophers referred to basing human rights on natural law and natural rights as "nonsense on stilts"?

A) John Locke.
B) Jeremy Bentham.
C) Benjamin Franklin.
D) Thomas Hobbes.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What do we call mass killings aimed at annihilating a racial or ethnic group?

A) Politicide.
B) War crimes.
C) Mass murder.
D) Genocide.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In what country did Idi Amin commit innumerable violations of human rights?

A) Uganda.
B) Kenya.
C) Mozambique.
D) Zimbabwe.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What communist group led by Pol Pot committed genocide in Cambodia?

A) Vietcong.
B) Viet Minh.
C) Khmer Rouge.
D) Hmong.

Question 5

What group of IR theorists argue that, despite violations of human rights, normative precedents are being set and norms are evolving against human rights violations?

A) Realists.
B) Postmodernists.
C) Constructivists.
D) Marxists.

Question 6

What group of IR theorists contends that human rights are secondary to the imperatives of the national interest?

A) Liberals.
B) Realists.
C) Constructivists.
D) Marxists.

Question 7

What do we call foreign intervention aimed at bringing an end to human rights abuses?

A) Human intrusion.
B) External intervention.
C) Humanitarian intervention.
D) Paternalism.

Question 8

Which of the following were charges that were not brought against defendants at Nuremberg?

A) Genocide.
B) Crimes against humanity.
C) Crimes against peace.
D) War crimes.

Question 9

Which of the following deplored America's refusal to force China to reform its human rights lest it harm US-Chinese economic relations?

A) Liberals.
B) Realists.
C) Marxists.
D) Constructivists.

Question 10

What nineteenth-century French writer spread ideas of Nordic supremacy?

A) Richard Wagner.
B) Joseph Arthur, Count of Gobineau.
C) Henry Ford.
D) Houston Chamberlain.

Question 11

Who wrote Mein Kampf?

A) Kaiser Wilhelm II.
B) Adolf Hitler.
C) Otto von Bismarck.
D) Joseph Goebbels.

Question 12

Which of the following was legislated in the Nuremberg Laws?

A) Stripped Jews of their citizenship in Germany.
B) Ordered the beginning of the "Final Solution."
C) Deported German Jews.
D) Opened additional concentration camps.

Question 13

Which of the following was a Jewish émigré from Germany in the 1930s?

A) Fritz Kreisler.
B) Herbert von Karajan.
C) Niels Bohr.
D) Albert Einstein.

Question 14

What German war criminal was kidnapped in Argentina by Israeli agents and brought to Israel to stand trial?

A) Hermann Goering.
B) Adolf Eichmann.
C) Josef Goebbels.
D) Martin Bormann.

Question 15

At the Nuremberg trials, what defense were defendants not permitted to use?

A) Reason of state.
B) Insanity.
C) Due process.
D) Insufficiency of circumstantial evidence.

Question 16

Why was the Nuremberg charge of "crimes against peace" so controversial?

A) It negated laws passed by the Nazis in countries they had conquered.
B) It represented "victors' justice."
C) It violated state sovereignty.
D) The alleged crime predated the outbreak of war.

Question 17

What did the Kellogg-Briand Pact seek to accomplish?

A) Outlaw genocide.
B) Outlaw mistreatment of captured enemy soldiers.
C) Outlaw war.
D) Outlaw crimes against humanity.

Question 18

Which Nazi war criminal committed suicide before he could be executed?

A) Hermann Göring.
B) Alfred Jodl.
C) Albert Speer.
D) Rudolf Hess.

Question 19

Why was the war crimes trial of Japanese General Tomoyuki Yamashita controversial?

A) The charges against him were ex post facto.
B) He had been following the orders of his superiors.
C) The crimes were committed by troops over whom he had no control.
D) His actions were aimed at defending Japan's national interest.

Question 20

What is "due process"?

A) A criminal shall be fined only in proportion to the degree of his offense.
B) There shall be no taxation without representation.
C) No one can be imprisoned except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land.
D) The law must be enforced according to established legal procedures.

Question 21

What was the key principle established by the war crimes trials after World War Two?

A) The death penalty was legal in cases of crimes against humanity.
B) A country's domestic laws provide no defense for war crimes.
C) Genocide is illegal.
D) Individuals are responsible for their acts in times of war.

Question 22

Why was the trial of Lt. William Calley for atrocities committed in Vietnam so controversial?

A) He was not tried by an international court.
B) There were no witnesses to his actions.
C) He was not jailed for his crimes.
D) He was being used as a scapegoat for atrocities in Vietnam.

Question 23

What was the first international court to be set up after the Nuremberg trials?

A) International Criminal Court.
B) International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.
C) International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.
D) International Criminal Tribunal for Cambodia.

Question 24

What former Liberian president was responsible for atrocities in Sierra Leone?

A) Charles Taylor.
B) Idi Amin.
C) Thabo Mbeki.
D) Paul Kagame.

Question 25

Why did the United States oppose the establishment of the International Criminal Court?

A) Fear that the court would be dominated by critics of US foreign policy in Iraq.
B) Fear that US soldiers serving overseas would be charged for political reasons.
C) Concern that procedures would not meet US constitutional standards.
D) Desire for the court to be established by unanimous vote.

Question 26

What was the first major case handled by the International Criminal Court?

A) Rwandans suspected of war crimes in Congo.
B) Indonesians suspected of war crimes in East Timor.
C) Sudanese suspected of committing atrocities in Darfur.
D) Liberians suspected of atrocities in Sierra Leone.

Question 27

What head of state did a Spanish court seek to indict for human rights abuses?

A) Pol Pot.
B) Augusto Pinochet.
C) Charles Taylor.
D) Slobodan Milošević

Question 28

What do we call the doctrine that any court may exercise jurisdiction over crimes against humanity?

A) Deontological ethics.
B) Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus.
C) Doctrine of Universal Jurisdiction.
D) Doctrine of Consequentialism.

Question 29

What legal theory holds that international law is derived from the voluntary agreement of states?

A) Normative law theory.
B) Jus cogens.
C) Natural law.
D) Legal positivism.

Question 30

Belief in natural law reflects what kind of theory?

A) Normative.
B) Prescriptive.
C) Empirical.
D) Predictive.

Question 31

Which of the following is not a precedent for human rights law?

A) Hague Permanent Court of Arbitration.
B) English Bill of Rights.
C) American Declaration of Independence.
D) French Declaration of the Rights of Man.

Question 32

What does "cultural relativism" imply?

A) There are only a few normative laws of God.
B) There are no universal human rights.
C) Only natural law can be used to identify human rights.
D) God is the source of all human rights.

Question 33

What language did not have a word for "rights" until the nineteenth century?

A) Chinese.
B) Arabic.
C) Farsi.
D) Japanese.

Question 34

What is the most important human rights document?

A) US Constitution.
B) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
C) Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
D) UN Charter.

Question 35

What kind of right is freedom from hunger?

A) Positive right.
B) Social right.
C) Negative right.
D) Cultural right.

Question 36

What kind of right is freedom of religion?

A) Positive right.
B) Social right.
C) Negative right.
D) Cultural right.

Question 37

What is "structural violence"?

A) The absence of economic and social equality and security.
B) The absence of religious freedom.
C) The absence of freedom of speech and assembly.
D) The deprivation of civil liberties.

Question 38

Who suspended habeas corpus out of concern for "public safety"?

A) President George Washington.
B) President George W. Bush.
C) President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
D) President Abraham Lincoln.

Question 39

What group was founded by Peter Benenson?

A) Freedom House.
B) American Civil Liberties Union.
C) Human Rights Watch.
D) Amnesty International.

Question 40

What obscure American law permits victims to sue foreigners for damages for alleged human rights abuses?

A) Alien Tort Claims Act.
B) Patriot Act.
C) Freedom of Information Act.
D) Alien and Sedition Acts.

Question 41

Who declared that "it is no longer acceptable to discuss women's rights as separate from human rights"?

A) Eleanor Roosevelt.
B) Laura Bush.
C) Hillary Clinton.
D) Betty Friedan.

Question 42

What region ranks best in terms of gender equality?

A) North America.
B) Europe.
C) Australia.
D) Latin America.

Question 43

What weapon is not available to Amnesty International?

A) Legislative power.
B) Education.
C) Publicity.
D) Political pressure.

Question 44

In what region is gender inequality greatest?

A) Sub-Saharan Africa.
B) Latin America.
C) Eastern Europe.
D) Southeast Asia.

Question 45

Which of the following is a major danger to women's health?

A) Unequal education.
B) Violence against women.
C) Economic inferiority of women.
D) Failure to provide vaccinations to girls.

Question 46

In which of the following are honor killings most prevalent?

A) India and Pakistan.
B) China and Japan.
C) Venezuela and Argentina.
D) Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe.

Question 47

What are "comfort women"?

A) Women enslaved by the Japanese in military brothels.
B) Women who perform genital mutilation in Africa.
C) Women who bear only male children.
D) The matriarchs of large extended clans in the Middle East.

Question 48

At the 1994 UN Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, which of the following vigorously challenged reproductive independence for women?

A) Jewish and Catholic religious leaders.
B) Islamic and African political leaders.
C) Catholic and Islamic religious leaders.
D) Hindu and Islamic religious leaders.

Question 49

What country uses a vigilante group called the Basij to repress individual rights?

A) Saudi Arabia.
B) Libya.
C) Yemen.
D) Iran.

Question 50

What is US policy called that refuses funding for nongovernmental organizations that provide information to women about legal abortion?

A) Global Restraint Act.
B) International Anti-Abortion Control.
C) The International Abortion Suppression Act.
D) Global Gag Rule.