Deck 4: Ecology and Political Economy Perspectives

Question 1

Sociologist Louis Wirth suggested that the American city could be viewed from which of the following perspectives?

A)the power held by elites over the general masses in society
B)the world system of urban places linked by technology and transportation
C)feminist social theory
D)as a set of attitudes and ideas and a constellation of personalities engaging in collective behavior

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Human ecology is most concerned with (pick the one best response) __________.

A)the deliberate planned actions of government officials
B)the physical form and structure of the city
C)the properties and characteristics of individuals who live in cities
D)the beliefs, values, and attitudes of individuals while they perform certain activities

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is true of human ecology?

A)It applies the theoretical schemes of plant and animal ecology to human communities.
B)It traces its roots back to Marx's theory of class exploitation.
C)It is concerned with the deliberate, planned actions of government officials.
D)It is based on the study of individual beliefs and values.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Classical human ecology of the 1920s and the 1930s is most closely associated with the _______________.

A)University of Wisconsin
B)University of California
C)Yale University
D)University of Chicago

Question 5

The Chicago School urban ecologists argued that urban change occurred through __________.

A)the actions by the federal government
B)plans of local politicians
C)random and unpredictable events
D)the process of invasion and succession

Question 6

Ecological studies are usually __________.

A)conducted on the group or macro level
B)concerned with individual motives and motivation
C)concerned with the behavior of small groups
D)qualitative rather than quantitative

Question 7

Human ecology today is generally viewed as a(n)__________.

A)separate discipline
B)integral part of economics
C)integral part of political science
D)integral part of sociology

Question 8

The "human ecology" school began with __________.

A)Palen and Greer
B)Wirth and Sjoberg
C)Park and Burgess
D)Schnore and Jones

Question 9

Ecologists are most comfortable with __________.

A)aggregate data
B)data on attitudes
C)social area analysis
D)voting patterns

Question 10

Traditional human ecology emphasizes __________.

A)social variables
B)urban planning
C)competition
D)social power

Question 11

Ethnic change taking place in the central city is an example of __________.

A)sentiment and symbolism
B)gentrification
C)social area analysis
D)invasion and succession

Question 12

"Socio-cultural" ecologists are most inclined to use _____________.

A)socio-psychological variables
B)natural science sources
C)census data
D)economic data

Question 13

In ecological terms, succession is when __________.

A)one group or function takes the place of another
B)one political faction is replaced by another
C)one group or function separates itself from all the others
D)none of the above

Question 14

According to human ecology as seen in the Burgess Growth Hypothesis the internal structure of the city evolved as a consequence of __________.

A)governmental planning
B)economic competition for prime space
C)religious divisions
D)political divisions

Question 15

Today the process of succession can be seen best in __________.

A)urban ethnic changes
B)suburbanization
C)racial segregation
D)the moving in of industry

Question 16

Regulations on land use patterns are known as __________.

A)zoning
B)natural areas
C)quotas
D)invasion

Question 17

The Chicago sociologists called these areas "natural areas". They were the result of __________.

A)city planning
B)government intervention
C)ecological processes
D)urban politics

Question 18

Political economists are critical of the human ecological approach because __________.

A)it ignores the importance of social power and the influence of powerful groups in urban growth
B)of its reliance on empirical data
C)it places too much emphasis on national and world patterns in the development of cities
D)it is too closely associated with Marxist theory

Question 19

Walter Firey suggested that the use of the Commons in Boston is an example of ___________.

A)traditional human ecological theory
B)concentric zones
C)sentiment determining spatial distribution
D)a combat zone

Question 20

The socio-cultural school of ecology maintains that early human ecology ____________.

A)overemphasized economic factors
B)underemphasized economic factors
C)overemphasized political factors
D)underemphasized political factors

Question 21

The Burgess zonal hypothesis ____________.

A)was particularly interested in how U.S. cities are shaped by the world urban order
B)argued that urban growth occurs along axes or straight lines that radiate from the center of the city
C)stated that land values were highest near the center of the city
D)was not concerned with how cities change over time

Question 22

Which of the following is the correct order (from center to periphery) of the Burgess growth hypothesis?

A)Central Business District; Zone of Working Person's Homes; Zone in Transition; Middle-class Residential Zone; Commuters' Zone
B)Central Business District; Middle Class Residential Zone; Zone in Transition; Zone of Working Person's Homes; Commuters' Zone
C)Central Business District; Zone in Transition; Middle Class Residential Zone; Zone of Working Person's Homes; Commuters' Zone
D)Central Business District; Zone in Transition; Zone of Working Person's Homes; Zone of Better Residences; Commuters' Zone

Question 23

The concentric zonal hypothesis posited that the most valuable land goes to ____________.

A)residential zones
B)the best housing located on the periphery
C)industrial plants that need extensive area for production
D)the user who can best afford to pay for intense use

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true?

A)inner-city land is more expensive than land in the suburbs
B)single family housing is more economically feasible in the inner-city
C)there tends to be a direct positive relationship between the value of land and the economic status of those who occupy it
D)land use on the periphery must be intensive

Question 25

Using the Burgess model, one would expect to find the following enterprise(s) in the Central Business District.

A)used car lots
B)industrial manufacturing plants
C)restaurants
D)single-dwelling housing per lot

Question 26

Today's zone in transition in the U.S. cities typically contains which of the following?

A)younger people
B)gentrified buildings
C)restaurants
D)all of the above are found in the zone in transition

Question 27

In the zonal hypothesis, immigrant newcomers to the city were likely to settle in __________.

A) the CBD
B)the zone in transition
C)the zone of better residents
D)the commuter zones

Question 28

Wholesale produce markets traditionally were located ___________.

A)at the outer edges of the CBD
B)at the outer edges of middle class area
C)in the zone of working persons' homes
D)in the commuter zone or suburbs

Question 29

In terms of occupational and residential distribution, the groups most physically segregated are __________.

A)those at the top and bottom of the occupational scale
B)those on the middle of the socioeconomic scale
C)blue-collar workers
D)white-collar workers

Question 30

The Burgess' hypothesis is an __________.

A)ideal type
B)at the outer edges of the residential zone
C)at the edges of the working persons' zone
D)in the commuter zone or suburbs

Question 31

"Zonal boundaries do not serve as demarcations in respect to the ecological or social phenomena they circumscribe, but are arbitrary divisions." This is an overstatement describing the

A)Multiply Nuclei Model.
B)Sectoral Model.
C)Burgess Model.
D)None of the above.

Question 32

The filter down model suggests that __________.

A)inner city neighborhoods are gentrified from lower to middle class residences
B)the CBD is the most profitable area for land usage
C)neighborhoods move from higher to lower status populations
D)central-city commercial property and warehouses can be used for residential usage

Question 33

One urban ecological alternative to Burgess' zonal hypothesis is the __________.

A)World Systems Theory
B)Urban Growth Machine
C)Baltimore Study
D)Sector model

Question 34

Two urban ecological alternatives to Burgess' zonal hypothesis were advanced by __________.

A)Marx, and Smith & Timberlake
B)Harvey, and Logan
C)Hoyt, and Harris & Ullman
D)Wallerstein, and Park & Wirth

Question 35

The theory that is most useful in describing post war metropolitan development is __________.

A)zonal hypothesis
B)urban growth machine
C)multiple-nuclei hypothesis
D)invasion succession

Question 36

The theory that growth takes place in homogeneous pie-shaped sectors radiating from the center is called the __________.

A)multiple-nuclei theory
B)concentric wedges theory
C)sector theory
D)concentric-zone theory

Question 37

The sector theory is credited to __________.

A)Ernest Burgess
B)Chauncey Harris
C)Homer Hoyt
D)Amos Hawley

Question 38

The theory of spatial growth that holds that differing land uses have different centers is __________.

A)the zonal hypothesis
B)the Burgess theory
C)the multi-nuclei theory
D)the pro-nucleated theory

Question 39

Human ecologists (especially those who support the sector theory) would be most interested in the following variable __________.

A)transportation
B)religious conviction
C)alienation
D)socioeconomic status

Question 40

Hawley suggested a multi-nucleated theory of growth emphasizing the role of __________.

A)computer technology
B)population
C)occupational use
D)transportation

Question 41

Burgess' theory is most evident in __________.

A)pre-industrial cities in Western Europe
B)larger and older American cities
C)cities that were established before the industrial revolution
D)suburban areas of newer American cities

Question 42

In European contemporary cities with a pre-industrial heritage, __________.

A)poor housing is in the inner core and elite housing is further out
B)poor in-migrants settle in the CBD
C)there is often an inverse zonal hypothesis
D)the zonal hypothesis is a typical pattern

Question 43

The Burgess concentric zonal pattern is __________.

A)typical of Asia, Africa and Latin America
B)not typical of Asia, Africa and Latin America
C)typical of Asia but not Africa or Latin America
D)typical of Latin America but not Asia or Africa

Question 44

In terms of the physical environment __________.

A)there has been little negative effect caused by cities
B)cities create atmospheric changes and air pollution
C)cities usually decrease the risk of severe flooding
D)cities are immune from the effects of the environment

Question 45

A newer way of looking at cities is provided by the so-called ______________ school of urban scholars.

A) Chicago
B) Los Angeles
C) New York
D) Washington

Question 46

Political economy paradigms of urban change emerged to challenge urban ecology models in the __________.

A)1930s
B)1940s
C)1950s
D)1970s

Question 47

Which of the following is true of both urban ecology and political economy models of urban growth?

A)Both are concerned with systems of dominance and subordination operating across spatial boundaries.
B)Both see systems of dominance as being driven by the actions (or inactions) of particular groups pursuing their particular interests.
C)Both examine social power and how urban decisions favor the powerful at the expense of others.
D)Both pay particular attention to cities of the developing world, especially cities in Latin America.

Question 48

According to political economy models of urban growth, __________.

A)the world system is one of controlled economies under state socialism
B)worldwide, cities exist relatively independently from each other with few global linkages
C)politics and government matter less than natural, evolutionary processes
D)capital is easily moved while cities are geographically fixed

Question 49

The "Baltimore Study" supported __________ perspective(s) of urban growth and development.

A)the human ecology
B)the political economy
C)both the urban ecology and political economy
D)neither the human ecology nor the political economy

Question 50

The Urban Growth Machine __________.

A)is a political establishment that creates growth in cities
B)refers to models of "urban futures" created by economists
C)is a monitor of urban change established by the federal government for U.S. Census purposes
D)is a term that refers to an ideology that encourages a view of the city as a place where it is necessary to create a "good business climate"

Question 51

Which of the following talks of a global "core-periphery" system of inequality?

A)The Concentric Zone Hypothesis
B)Urban Growth Machines
C)World Systems Theory
D)Sector Theory

Question 52

According to the text, which of the following is a challenge to the political economy model?

A)the need to adapt a neo-Marxist model to a world that has largely abandoned Marxism
B)the inability to separate itself from the larger and more popularly held World Systems Theory
C)its lack of application to the modern urban world
D)a total lack of acceptance by urban sociologists who are nearly all urban ecologists

Question 53

Sociologist Louis Wirth suggested that the city could be studied empirically from three interrelated perspectives.

Question 54

Sociologist Louis Wirth argued that it was not realistically possible to study the city from the perspective of an ecological order.

Question 55

The classical urbanization model of urban ecology developed out of a concern with the form and development of the modern American city.

Question 56

Human ecology focuses on the individual's place in the functioning of a city.

Question 57

Chicago School sociologists found that spatial distance can be substituted for social distance.

Question 58

The term "function", as used by ecologists, refers to the orderly arrangement of the parts that make up the whole-NOT to recurrent patterns of activities.

Question 59

According to ecological theories, the internal structure of the city evolved through competition.

Question 60

According to ecological theories, the internal structure of the city evolved through direct planning.

Question 61

Both ecological and political economy models stress change through conflict.

Question 62

Human ecology models of social change stress that conflict comes from deliberate, planned political and economic decisions.

Question 63

Ecological and political economy models differ in what they regard to be the source of conflict that promotes urban change.

Question 64

According to urban ecologists, patterns of land use within a city are permanently fixed.

Question 65

The history of the American city is the story of the invasion of one land use or population by another.

Question 66

According to the text, gentrification is NOT an example of invasion.

Question 67

Today, the new group "invading" an area is often Latino or Asian.

Question 68

Those taking a political economy approach to the city are close in general agreement with urban ecologists, and deny that spatial characteristics of cities result from deliberate political decisions.

Question 69

The "sociocultural" school of ecology places renewed emphasis on cultural and motivational factors in explaining urban land-use patterns.

Question 70

Burgess' growth hypothesis really only applies well to U.S. cities after 1970.

Question 71

Traditional ecologists have tended to favor interpretation at the macro-sociological level.

Question 72

Burgess' concentric zone hypothesis was intended as a static model of how things are in the city.

Question 73

Burgess' growth hypothesis contains five concentric zones.

Question 74

Burgess' "zone in transition" contained department stores, theatres, hotels, banks, and central offices of economic, political, legal, and civic leaders.

Question 75

In Burgess' model, in the inner areas of the city, higher land costs are compensated for by density of use.

Question 76

According to Burgess' model, as one moves out from the center of the city toward the periphery, land values tend to increase.

Question 77

Today retail and commercial functions in the Central Business District (CBD) have lost importance.

Question 78

According to Burgess Growth hypothesis, Zone 4 is a zone of "working people's homes."

Question 79

The majority of the upper-middle-class houses and the upper-class "dormitory suburbs" would be found in the "commuter zone" in the Burgess model.

Question 80

In Burgess' model, the majority of middle class urban residents lived in the "zone in transition".