Deck 2: The Emergence of Cities

Question 1

Which of the following is one of the concepts used in the ecological complex?

A)population
B)pollution
C)power
D)politics

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is one of the concepts used in the ecological complex?

A)ecology
B)environment
C)economy
D)energy

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is one of the concepts used in the ecological complex?

A)occupation
B)order
C)organization
D)organism

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is one of the concepts used in the ecological complex?

A)time
B)terminology
C)typology
D)technology

Question 5

A major advantage of the ecological complex as a conceptual scheme is __________.

A)its use of arbitrary categories that can take on multiple meanings
B)its simplicity
C)its predictive power as a theory to forecast future trends
D)that there is common agreement that it is the best model of urban change available

Question 6

The ecological complex identifies the relationship between the following four concepts:

A) population, organization, environment, and technology.
B) pollution, organization, environment, and technology.
C) population, organization, ecology and environment.
D) pollution, organization, ecology and technology.

Question 7

Which of the following variables do some recommend adding to the POET scheme?

A)"S" for "social"
B)"U" for "urban"
C)"C" for "crime"
D)"D" for "distribution"

Question 8

According to the text, Political Economy Models of urban growth are __________ -based paradigms.

A)interactionist
B)exchange
C)conflict
D)functionalist

Question 9

According to the text, political economy models of urban growth all stress __________.

A)the functional interrelationships between elements in the ecological complex
B)the importance of environmental factors in urban growth
C)the importance of city planning as a means of alleviating urban problems
D)the importance of capitalist economic systems, class conflict, and exploitation of the powerless by the rich in urban growth patterns

Question 10

The first permanent settlements or "towns" emerged __________.

A)before the invention of writing
B)after the invention of writing
C)at the same time when writing was invented
D)It is not known when writing was invented.

Question 11

The first agricultural revolution __________.

A)had little impact on population size
B)allowed for limited economic specialization and a division of labor
C)created a simple social organization that was less complex than that found in hunting and gathering societies
D)occurred around 20,000B. C.E.

Question 12

One of the earliest Neolithic towns excavated so far is __________.

A)Thebes
B)Jericho
C)Assur
D)Babylon

Question 13

Jericho, which some have argued was the first city, was settled around _______B. C.E.

A)3,500
B)5,000
C)8,000
D)12,000

Question 14

According to the text, the development of a settled town population was dependent on __________.

A)domestication of animals
B)a food surplus
C)civic organization
D)complex architectural construction

Question 15

According to most scholars, the first population explosion __________.

A)forced the invention of agriculture
B)was caused by the invention of agriculture
C)discouraged fixed settlements
D)encouraged hunting and gathering

Question 16

According to the text, one of the first areas to adopt sedimentary agriculture was __________.

A)North America
B)Western Europe
C)Central America
D) Egypt

Question 17

New research confirms that the city of Caral in Peru existed __________________ than Mesoamerican cities were thought to exist.

A) five hundred years later
B) a hundred years later
C) a thousand years earlier
D) a hundred years earlier

Question 18

The earliest large village farming communities developed in each of the following EXCEPT __________.

A)the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys
B)along the banks of the Amazon River
C)along the banks of the Nile River
D)along the banks of the Indus River

Question 19

Cities in Mesoamerica developed __________.

A)before cities in Mesopotamia
B)at approximately the same time as cities in Mesopotamia
C)after cities in Mesopotamia
D)before cities in Egypt but after cities in Mesopotamia

Question 20

According to the text, the Mayan city of Teotihuacan in Mexico had a population of approximately __________.

A)50,000
B)100,000
C)150,000
D)500,000

Question 21

Hunting and gathering societies could support population densities of approximately __________ persons per square mile.

A)3 to 5
B)10 to 15
C)20 to 25
D)30 to 35

Question 22

According to the text, agricultural villages could support no more than __________ persons per square mile.

A)10
B)25
C)55
D)75

Question 23

Imperial Rome, at its height of power, __________.

A)was slightly less than 2 square miles in size
B)was slightly less than 3 square miles in size
C)was slightly less than 4 square miles in size
D)exceeded an area of 5 square miles

Question 24

The earliest public buildings, in early cities, were usually __________.

A) palaces
B) barracks
C) temples
D) forums

Question 25

The importance of early cities was due to __________.

A)their size
B)the fact that they tolerated innovations in social organization
C)their agricultural functions
D)their stable locations

Question 26

In the early cities, technological innovation was spurred on by the existence of __________.

A) temples
B)architecture
C)trade unions
D) a palace elite

Question 27

The greatest contribution of the first cities was innovations in the area of __________.

A)agriculture
B)tribal affiliation
C)social organization
D) kingship

Question 28

Which of the following inventions is the product of urbanization?

A)the plow
B)cooking
C)the bow and arrow
D)bronze

Question 29

According to V. Gordon Childe, which of the following is one of the ten features that define the "urban revolution"?

A)permanent settlement in dense aggregations
B)population totally engaged in agricultural occupations
C)democratic style of government
D)indoor plumbing

Question 30

According to V. Gordon Childe, which of the following is one of the ten features that define the "urban revolution"?

A)an extensive system of roads
B)the technique of writing
C)the development of juris prudence and a court system
D)a sex-based division of labor

Question 31

According to V. Gordon Childe, which of the following is one of the ten features that define the "urban revolution"?

A)the development of the clock and time-telling
B)a centrally-planned economy
C)the acquisition of predictive sciences-arithmetic, geometry, astronomy
D)the application of the wheel to transportation and power generation

Question 32

According to V. Gordon Childe, which of the following is one of the ten features that define the "urban revolution"?

A)the development of the nation-state
B)the application of wind and water power
C)the existence of factories within the city walls
D)taxation and capital accumulation

Question 33

Athens is an example of __________.

A)technology and social organization lessening the impact of environment
B)environment determining social organization
C)a city developing because of agricultural superiority
D)dominance due to superior inland transportation and communication

Question 34

The greatest strength of the early Greeks was __________.

A)social organization
B)physical city planning
C)technology
D)a national system of government

Question 35

The Greek attitude toward city population size was that __________.

A)cities were encouraged to grow- "the bigger the better"
B)city size should be limited by policy
C)the ideal city size was 250,000 persons
D)the Greeks did not concern themselves with population questions.

Question 36

Citizenship in Greek city states was based primarily upon ___________.

A)ownership of property within the city walls
B)the ability to trace one's ancestry back to the god or gods responsible for the city
C)wealth
D)place of birth

Question 37

Which of the following is TRUE concerning ancient Greek cities?

A)They tended to be quite large-often over 500, 000 persons.
B)They were well-planned and designed with little urban sprawl and few slums.
C)They tended to be fairly similar in physical design.
D)They were connected by an extensive system of advanced roads and canals.

Question 38

According to the text, not until the __________ century was Europe again to see cities as large as those found within the Roman Empire.

A)16^th
B)17^th
C)18^th
D)19^th

Question 39

Prior to the 19^th century, the largest city that had existed was __________.

A) London
B) Rome
C) Athens
D) Tokyo

Question 40

At the beginning of the Common Era (C.E. 1-50), the population of the world was roughly __________.

A)250 million
B)500 million
C)1 billion
D)2.5 billion

Question 41

The system of extending citizenship to political units larger than the city state is first credited to __________.

A)the Greeks
B)the English
C)the Romans
D)the Chinese

Question 42

The Romans were able to maintain their vast empire because of their ________________.

A)immense population
B)invention of the lodestone
C)ability to control the environment
D)expertise in technology and social organization

Question 43

The greatest similarity among Roman cities was found __________.

A)in the Hellenic and other Eastern cities
B)in the cities of North Africa
C)in the newer provincial cities of Western Europe
D)no where; there was little similarity among Roman cities

Question 44

The economic and political base of the feudal system was __________.

A)centralized power under religious control
B)rural self-sufficiency
C)a system of manufacturing cities
D)one where great cities dominated the rural areas

Question 45

The external factor(s) most contributing to the growth of towns in the Medieval periods was (were) _____________.

A)the crusades
B)the overall population growth
C)the plague
D)a and b above

Question 46

Medieval towns __________.

A) were small by contemporary standards
B)were comprised primarily of peasants who were tied to the land
C)were largely agriculturally based
D)were characterized by a lack of walls, moat, or other defensive perimeter

Question 47

Medieval towns __________.

A) were relatively large by contemporary standards
B)contained a new social class-the "bourgeoisie"
C)were relatively free from religious influence or control
D)lacked a central marketplace

Question 48

In the middle ages, cities had become ___________.

A)provinces of Rome
B)increasingly unified and nationalistic
C)autonomous
D)Byzantine in appearance

Question 49

Which of the following medieval cities are estimated to have had populations of over 50,000 people?

A)Paris and Florence
B)London and Rome
C)Amsterdam and Brussels
D)Genoa and Bologna

Question 50

According to the text, the plague (or "Black Death") of 1349-1350 wiped out what percentage of Europe's population?

A)five percent
B)ten percent
C)one-quarter
D) one-half

Question 51

According to the text, the plague (or "Black Death") of 1349-1350 wiped out what percentage of the population in most cities?

A)five percent
B)ten percent
C)twenty percent
D) fifty percent

Question 52

The outbreak of the plague in Europe __________.

A)resulted in the majority of the population adopting the philosophy of "live, drink, and be merry!"
B)entrenched the long-term dominance of the rural manorial system
C)contributed to the strength of the Catholic Church in Western Europe
D)favored the growth of cities

Question 53

Which of the following old nursery rhymes is associated with the Plague?

A)"Rock-a-bye Baby"
B)"Ring around the Rosie"
C)"Little Jack Horner"
D)"Three Blind Mice"

Question 54

The Renaissance structure of cities was first influenced by the technological change of __________.

A)better shipbuilding
B)new road systems
C)better water systems
D)gunpowder and canon

Question 55

The Renaissance city ____________.

A)was moving toward greater national centralization
B)gave even more power to the king of the nation
C)was biased against the mercantile class
D)gained greater economic and cultural dominance over rural areas

Question 56

The best example of the humanistic ideology of the Renaissance is __________.

A) London
B) Madrid
C)Florence
D)Vienna

Question 57

The artistic talents of artists such as ______________ were used to beautify the cities.

A)David and Giotto
B)Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci
C)Rembrandt and Rubens
D)Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dali

Question 58

Gideon Sjoberg argues that the pre-industrial city is characterized by __________.

A)a primary function serving as a commercial hub
B)particularism
C)standardization
D)a sharp division of labor

Question 59

Research on 17^th century London demonstrated that __________.

A)London had more births than deaths
B)London was minimally affected by immigration from the countryside
C)London had more deaths than births
D)London was actually declining in population

Question 60

During the late 18^th and 19^th centuries, the decline in death rates can largely be attributed to _____________.

A) technological changes in agriculture that provided a better and more reliable food supply
B)major improvements in sanitation
C)the influence of doctors and medicine
D)the adoption of socialized medicine

Question 61

The "second urban revolution" refers to__________.

A) the emergence of cities
B)changes that made it possible for more than 10 percent of the population to live in urban places
C)the development of healthful sanitary conditions and pure water
D)improvements in the architecture and design of cities

Question 62

The Enclosure Acts in England __________.

A)took the village commons away from joint ownership
B)was helpful to local farmers and yeomen
C)negatively affected quantity and quality of the food supply
D)chronologically preceded agricultural improvements

Question 63

The industrial revolution was partly facilitated by __________.

A)an increase in the number of farmers
B)increasing isolation of cities
C)inventions in manufacturing
D)a stable population with little growth

Question 64

The social theorist and reformer who described the slums of Manchester, England was __________.

A)Charles Dickens
B) Karl Marx
C)Friedrich Engels
D)George Simmel

Question 65

Friedrick Engels is noted for his writings on __________.

A)the horrors of 19^th urban industrialization
B)the contrast between preindustrial and industrial cities
C)the ecological complex
D)hunting and gathering societies

Question 66

An ecosystem can be defined as a natural unit in which there is an interaction of an environmental and a biotic system.

Question 67

A community together with its habitat is NOT considered to be an ecosystem, according to the text.

Question 68

Each of the variables in POET is causally interdependent.

Question 69

In the POET model, the letter "P" stands for "Pollution".

Question 70

The POET model is an example of what is known as an "ecological complex".

Question 71

In the POET model, the letter "E" stands for "Elites".

Question 72

In the POET model, the letter "T" includes such things as tools, inventions, ideas, and techniques.

Question 73

According to the text, the ecological complex is a complete theory.

Question 74

A major advantage of the ecological complex as a conceptual scheme is its simplicity, since economy of explanation is a basic scientific goal.

Question 75

A strength of the ecological complex is that the categories it presents are very precise and non-arbitrary.

Question 76

The text suggests that the variable "social" be added to the POET model in order to account for the strong role of culture in the relationship between humans and their environment.

Question 77

The variable environment in the ecological complex refers only to the natural environment.

Question 78

The acronym "POET" stands for Population, Organization, Environment and Technology"

Question 79

Political economy models of urban growth are essentially the same as the ecological complex.

Question 80

Political economy models of urban growth are conflict-based paradigms.