Deck 14: The Reformation

Question 1

In the introduction the author relates a Latin phrase about reform: ecclesia reformata semper reformanda. What does this mean?

A) The world reforms and will always have to reform
B) The reform is ongoing as is life
C) The church's reform is forever reforming
D) The church is reformed and always reforming

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The author refers to grievance literature. What does he mean?

A) Lay people circulating grievances about the church
B) Church hierarchy grieving the loss of the faith of the people
C) Civic leaders grieving about the state of their faithful
D) Civic leaders circulating complaints against the church leadership

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to the author, did the fact of nation-states support or impede the Reformation?

A) It supported the Reformation by allowing nations to subsidize the reformers
B) It supported the Reformation by expressing autonomy over Rome
C) It impeded the Reformation by allowing the possibility of armies to invade reform enclaves
D) It impeded the Reformation because kings still needed the pope's blessing to rule

Answer 3

B

Question 4

During the sixteenth century was Rome strong or weak?

A) It was strong and thus unwilling to budge
B) It was strong, which allowed it to persecute the reformers
C) It was weak, and its ability to lean on secular powers was ebbing
D) It was weak spiritually, but strong in terms of physical power

Question 5

Why did Martin Luther become an Augustinian monk?

A) He wanted to reform the church since his childhood
B) He wanted to hide from church politics
C) He made a vow to St. Anne during a thunderstorm
D) His father demanded that he create a life of honor

Question 6

Was Luther a devout monk?

A) Initially he was not, but became more serious when he saw the need to reform
B) Yes, he exceeded his contemporaries and even went to Confession daily
C) Initially he was, but became disenchanted with monastic living
D) It was not until he became a biblical scholar that he took his vocation seriously

Question 7

Did the Catholic Church believe that grace alone justifies?

A) Yes
B) No
C) The Catholic Church believed that God justified through graceful living
D) The Catholic Church believed that grace and works justified

Question 8

Did Luther believe that justification involved a freely willed response?

A) Yes, but even that required the support of grace
B) Yes, but only if God predetermined one would be saved
C) No, he did not believe in free will
D) No, although humans have free will in life, they are compelled regarding God's justifying grace

Question 9

What is an indulgence?

A) Being declared free from sin by paying money to the church (or other acts of penance)
B) A piece of paper that declares one is free from sin
C) Being declared free from the temporal punishment due to sin
D) Being given a church office one did not deserve

Question 10

Did the author say that there was a good deal of scripture that supported purgatory?

A) He said it was virtually without scriptural warrant
B) He said there were many texts that supported it, but few that stated it outright
C) He said that this depended on whose version of the Bible one used
D) He said that there was nothing in the scripture that could support this

Question 11

Did the patristic church believe in purgatory?

A) Yes, a number of great church fathers taught it
B) The author said there were a couple of church fathers who suggested its possibility, but the idea did not get steam until the Middle Ages
C) The author said that it was a medieval invention
D) This did not come up in the chapter

Question 12

What was the direct issue that provoked Luther's 95 theses?

A) Luther's own family bought indulgences, which scandalized him
B) It began as a simple classroom debate, forcing Luther to respond with his 95 theses
C) The pope denounced Luther's theology and this caused him to react
D) The pope authorized selling indulgences throughout northern Germany

Question 13

Did Luther believe he won the Leipzig Debate?

A) Yes, hands down
B) Yes, but that did not mean anything to the pope
C) No, the majority cheered on his opponent
D) No, because he found himself excommunicated because of it

Question 14

Regarding Luther, what was the Diet of Worms about?

A) Whether Luther penned Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
B) Whether Luther should be condemned
C) How many sacraments there were: Luther taught two and the church taught seven
D) Whether Luther would stand because I can do no other

Question 15

How did the name Protestant initially come about?

A) German princes protesting the shoddy treatment they received at the Diet of Worms
B) Other reformers protesting the Augsburg Confession
C) The fact that Luther was not allowed to attend the Diet of Augsburg
D) Lutheran princes protesting the decision of the Second Diet of Speyer

Question 16

What did the Peace of Augsburg decide?

A) That every Christian could decide what they wanted to believe
B) That every prince could decide whether their realm would be Catholic or Lutheran
C) That northern Germany would become formally Lutheran and southern Germany would stay Catholic
D) That the church should not change what people ultimately decided to become (Catholic or Lutheran)

Question 17

What was the political situation in Switzerland that supported the Reformation?

A) It was made up of small independent states
B) Virtually all the civil leaders had been trained in northern Germany, the stronghold of Lutheranism
C) They had a strong army, able to withstand the Holy Roman Empire
D) Monarchs there had already been fed up with Rome and were looking for a reason to separate

Question 18

When Zwingli preached against many aspects of traditional Catholicism, what was the response of the city council?

A) They cheered him and demanded that he become their religious leader
B) They jeered him and put him in jail
C) They were alarmed and arranged a public debate (which Zwingli won)
D) They beat him until he was on the verge of dying

Question 19

What was one of Zwingli's main problems with Luther?

A) He found Luther's understanding of sanctification unbiblical
B) He believed Luther overstepped his authority by insisting on only two sacraments
C) He challenged Luther's disregard for transubstantiation
D) He thought Luther's doctrine on justification as undermining the Christian obligation to do good works

Question 20

John Calvin's center of church reform was in:

A) Paris
B) Florence
C) Geneva
D) Strasbourg

Question 21

Calvin believed in:

A) The seven sacraments
B) Double predestination
C) The seek-and-listen method of biblical interpretation
D) Human free will regarding justification

Question 22

According to Calvin, you knew you were saved by:

A) A palpable knowledge of God's indwelling
B) The very act of faith
C) Baptism
D) The degree to which you still sinned

Question 23

Jacob Arminius was particularly troubled by Calvin's theology in that:

A) Calvin taught only two sacraments were necessary
B) Calvin taught that Christ's grace only supported justification rather than determined justification
C) Calvin taught that only Christians were saved and all others were damned
D) Calvin taught that Christ did not redeem all humanity and that human will was uninvolved in justification

Question 24

The author provided a narrative example of the Armenian's critique to T.U.L.I.P. What was the problem that revealed itself in the narrative?

A) Orr wanted irresistible grace, but only discovered himself choosing his religion
B) Orr wanted to know whether his family members would all be saved as they were all baptized
C) Orr was a believer and utterly sincere but still could end up in hell
D) Orr believed his pastor was a sinner and thus the sacraments did not have any real effect

Question 25

Zwingli called representatives of the radical reform anabaptists. What does this term mean?

A) Re-baptizers, because they taught that infant baptism did not count
B) Non-baptizers, because they renounced every sacrament, even baptism
C) Twice-baptizers, because they believed you had to get baptized twice (once for repentance and once for justification)
D) No one knows, but they became the forerunners of the Baptist Church

Question 26

Were the sixteenth century radical reformers pacifists?

A) Yes, and they demanded this of anyone who would join them
B) Yes, but they did allow for legitimate violence in the situation of a just war
C) No, some of their leaders were particularly brutal on those who did not embrace their faith
D) The author says that modern denominations flowing from them are peaceable, but it is unclear whether they were then

Question 27

Why did Henry VIII break from Rome?

A) He needed money and wanted to tax the church
B) He wanted an annulment of his marriage and Rome refused
C) He believed that the pope was evil
D) He believed that the pope had lost his moral authority

Question 28

Whom did King Henry VIII charge with presiding over the English Reformation?

A) Albert the Great
B) Albert of Nottingham
C) Thomas Cranmer
D) Theodore of Canterbury

Question 29

According to the author, was Christianity in England under Elizabeth I similar to Roman Catholicism?

A) Yes, she advocated a modest reform
B) Yes, he called it Catholicism without the pope
C) No, it took on the theological flavor of the radical reform
D) No, it was virtually synonymous with Zwingli's reform

Question 30

What did Mary Tudor's enemies call her?

A) The Catholic Witch
B) The Catholic Betrayer
C) Pope Mary
D) Bloody Mary

Question 31

According to the author, bishops did not even reside in their own dioceses.

Question 32

Before the Reformation, Luther was a respected canon lawyer in Germany.

Question 33

Luther was a monk and so never actually got ordained until he started the Reformation.

Question 34

Luther and Erasmus debated on the role of free will in salvation.

Question 35

Luther's great insight into his theological problems came by reinterpreting Paul's Epistle to the Romans.

Question 36

Indulgences were supposed to free Catholics from their sins.

Question 37

Zwingli was scandalized as a young priest by a shrine dedicated to Mary.

Question 38

According to the Swiss reform movement, authoritative interpretation of scripture ultimately came from Zwingli and Calvin.

Question 39

Calvin's greatest theological work is called Confessions of a Radical Christian.

Question 40

Calvin believed that God made Christians without their will.

Question 41

Arminianism is a form of Calvinism.

Question 42

Radical reformers believed that the church ceased to exist during the medieval period.

Question 43

Zwingli called for a full reconsideration of Christian dogmas.

Question 44

Henry VIII was awarded Defender of the Faith by the pope.

Question 45

The Church of Scotland formed a national church by adopting Luther's reform agenda.

Question 46

Does the Catholic position of indulgences make sense to you theologically? Why or why not?

Question 47

Indulgences came as part of a theology of the sacrament of Penance and the belief in purgatory. The author notes that the biblical evidence for purgatory is meager at best, but also that many important church fathers taught it. Given the importance of both theological resources, do you think the medieval world's belief in purgatory was legitimate?

Question 48

Given that the reformers relied principally or exclusively on scripture to form their doctrines, what sense can you make of the fact that they often disagreed about central doctrines?

Question 49

What challenges does Calvinism's T.U.L.I.P. face biblically or logically? Does it strike you as theologically satisfying? Defend your answer.

Question 50

Zwingli's iconoclasm is reminiscent of the church's controversy in the eighth century. Do you think his renewal of this issue is justified? Why or why not?