Deck 15: The Catholic Reformation

Question 1

The Catholic Church declared Protestants anathema sit. What does this mean:

A) Let them be damned
B) Let them be changed
C) Let them be set aside
D) Let them be shunned

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Why did the author say that the term Counter-Reformation is really a misnomer?

A) Initiatives for reform preceded Luther and continued in the midst of the Protestant Reformation
B) Because Protestants were damned, there was nothing technically to counter
C) Luther did not consider himself a Protestant, so it should have been called the Contra-Luther Reformation
D) The Catholic Church declared that it had not erred, so there was nothing exactly to counter for itself

Answer 2

A

Question 3

During the heat of the Reformation, what did Pope Paul III do?

A) He created a kind of theological trust in Rome
B) He reconstituted the College of Cardinals with members of a dynamic oratory
C) He threatened to invade Germany, but his army collapsed before it started
D) He resigned

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What was not one of the reform movements of the Catholic Church around the time of the Reformation?

A) The Theatines emerged for training and reform of the clergy
B) The Franciscans created a new order, which helped revitalize the faith
C) Spain required reform of its clergy and monasteries
D) France demanded all its clergy be seminary trained

Question 5

Who was Teresa of Avila?

A) A Carmelite reformer and mystic
B) The sister of Isabella and reformer of Spain
C) The mistress of pope Julian who impeded his reform agenda
D) The mother of Pope Julian who is credited as impelling the pope to reform the church

Question 6

Why is John of the Cross important?

A) He created a new religious order explicitly designed to challenge the Reformation
B) He created a theology of suffering that gave Catholics a deeper understanding of their need to reform the church
C) He articulated the life of prayer and how it proceeds to union with God
D) He was the most persuasive theological voice in Rome during the Reformation period

Question 7

What were the Carmelites most known for?

A) Religious reform
B) Theological greatness
C) Ecclesial reform
D) Monastic prayer

Question 8

Ignatius of Loyola began the first part of his adulthood as:

A) Monk
B) Soldier
C) Protestant reformer
D) Lawyer

Question 9

Ignatius of Loyola started:

A) A new Carmelite order
B) The Society of Jesus
C) The Catholic Reformation
D) The first religious order intent on countering the advances of the Protestant Reformation

Question 10

What was the month-long retreat that Ignatius formulated called?

A) The Heart of Christ
B) The Training of the Christian Soldier
C) The Spiritual Exercises
D) The Life of Prayer

Question 11

What was one of the results from Ignatius's month-long retreat?

A) Noble and wealthy middle-class Catholics returned with greater religious zeal
B) There was a huge influx of Catholics entering monasteries
C) Ironically, many left Catholicism and embraced different versions of Reformation faith
D) The author says that virtually nothing came of it

Question 12

What was the banner phrase of the Jesuits?

A) Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam: For the greater glory of God
B) Ad Corpus Christi Gloriam: To the Glory of the Body of Christ
C) Ecclesia reformata semper reformanda: The church is reformed and always reforming
D) Quidquid recipitur recipiture ad modem recipientis: Whatever is received is received according to the mode of the receiver

Question 13

When did the Council of Trent convene?

A) 1492-1502
B) 1520-1526
C) 1545-1563
D) 1595-1598

Question 14

How many times did Trent convene?

A) Once
B) Three times
C) Eight times
D) No less that fifteen times

Question 15

According to the author, Lateran V:

A) Legislated enough reforms that the Protestant Reformation ended up being redundant
B) Failed to address any reforms, particularly regarding selling of church offices
C) Deposed the pope and was ultimately condemned
D) Legislated reform, but the rules had too many loopholes

Question 16

Regarding Lateran V, the author said that:

A) If the church had listened to the reforms of Lateran V, the Protestant Reformation would probably never have happened
B) The papacy, cardinals, and bishops had little interest for legitimate, hard-hitting reform
C) Ironically set the theological stage for the Protestant Reformation
D) Was too little, too late for Luther

Question 17

Why did the Council of Trent meet where it did?

A) To try to placate the French, Italian Cardinals, and the Holy Roman Emperor
B) Because it was the symbolic place where Luther was condemned
C) The castle at Trent was the most secure from Protestant armies
D) They moved it from Rome after its great fire

Question 18

Regarding justification, Trent declared that Christians are:

A) Justified by faith and works
B) Justified when they receive Confirmation
C) Only justified when they receive Baptism, Confirmation, and Eucharist
D) Justified by God as a gift

Question 19

Trent's understanding of justification differed from that of the reformers in that:

A) Trent said it required faith before it happened
B) Trent said it was not merely imputed justification, but also infused faith, hope, and charity in the soul
C) Trent said it was irresistible
D) Trent said it was permanent

Question 20

According to Trent, can one reject God's justification?

A) Yes, one can resist it
B) Yes, but only after it happens
C) No, that is why Trent taught it was irresistible
D) No, it is to be understood as an impelled gift

Question 21

Did Trent teach that once justified, Christian salvation depended on good works?

A) No, then it would not be a gift
B) No, this would be works righteousness
C) Yes, one was responsible to live out the Christian life
D) Yes, justification is exactly the combination of grace and good works

Question 22

According to the author, Catholicism's insistence on the Vulgate had what effect?

A) Every Catholic was assured the exact same text, particularly in the sacraments
B) The Vulgate could be disseminated widely, as it was the only translation acceptable
C) It ensured a consistent editio typical
D) It assured that there were centuries where Catholic laypeople did not read the Bible

Question 23

Which parts of the Bible had the Reformers removed from the canon and which Trent insisted were still part of Bible?

A) Those texts that never made it into the Septuagint
B) Those texts in the Septuagint that Judaism ultimately rejected
C) Only Sirach and First and Second Maccabees
D) Those texts that didn't anticipate Christ

Question 24

What do Protestants call the books they removed from the canon?

A) Catholic Costs
B) Memorarium
C) Apocrypha
D) Nominalia

Question 25

Are indulgences still part of the Catholic Church?

A) Yes, but now divorce from issues of money
B) Yes, but they now reference the dynamics of the Sacrament of Penance
C) No, Trent removed them
D) No, but they were not removed until the Second Vatican Council

Question 26

Does the author think that Trent was a successful council in reforming the Catholic Church?

A) He said it was a debacle
B) He thought that it was successful, but also that it created walls of separation from Protestant Christians
C) He thought that its doctrine was reformed, but its practices were not
D) He thought that its practices were reformed, but its doctrine was not

Question 27

What was the Eastern Orthodox response to the Protestant Reformation?

A) It jumpstarted their own minor reformation
B) It buttressed their animosity toward the Roman Catholic Church
C) It changed the way Orthodox theology operated
D) It was unmoved

Question 28

What happened with the Russian Reformation?

A) It was a modest reform, but still created a schism known as the Old Believers
B) It removed the power of the monasteries and reinserted the power of the bishops
C) It sought to reunite with the Byzantine Church, but ultimately failed
D) It was robust, but put down by Czar Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)

Question 29

According to the author, did the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church ever seek reunion?

A) Yes, twice it was agreed on but never ratified
B) Yes, but the pope insisted on universal jurisdiction, which killed the agreements
C) No, the author said that the animosities simply grew greater
D) No, the author said that the Holy Roman Emperor blocked any attempts as it would weaken his power

Question 30

What did Russian Empress Catherine II do regarding the faith?

A) She required all citizens to become Orthodox, though rescinded the law within a year
B) She advanced the authority of the patriarch of Moscow with universal jurisdiction in the Orthodox Church
C) She issued a decree of religious toleration for everyone, including pagans, Jews, Muslims, and schismatic Orthodox believers
D) She separated Orthodoxy (really Christianity at large) from the throne

Question 31

The author believes that the term Counter-Reformation is a misnomer.

Question 32

The author says that even before the Reformation, many Catholics had already left the church.

Question 33

In the sixteenth century, Spain was particularly spiritually weak and in need of reform.

Question 34

John of the Cross was well-known as a mystic.

Question 35

The Society of Jesus is commonly known as the Jesuits.

Question 36

Ignatius of Loyola claimed that his biggest cross was not being born at the time of Martin Luther.

Question 37

Trent claimed that revelation came both from scripture and tradition.

Question 38

The most robust reform councils prior to Trent was the Council of Basel.

Question 39

The Holy Roman emperor, Charles V, wanted the Catholic reform council to be in Germany.

Question 40

Trent agreed with the reformers that justification came only from God's grace.

Question 41

The author says that Trent would have been safer theologically if it had taken on the sola scriptura model.

Question 42

The Patriarch of Constantinople was highly impressed with the Augsburg Confession.

Question 43

At the Council of Basel, Orthodox and Catholic representatives agreed to unite, but the emperor refused to promulgate the agreement of unity.

Question 44

Czar Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) saw himself as protector of the church.

Question 45

Czar Alexis orchestrated the greatest repression of Orthodoxy in its history prior to the Bolshevik Revolution. .

Question 46

Given that there were reform initiatives before the Reformation, do you think the Reformation was necessary for Western Christianity's authenticity? Would your answer change if reforms were more vigorously employed in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries?

Question 47

What do you think were the most positive and negative outcomes of the Council of Trent for Roman Catholic doctrine and the church as an institution, as well as for the Catholic Church's relationship with other Christian denominations?

Question 48

Why does the author believe that the term Counter-Reformation is a misnomer? Given that much of it did in fact counter Protestantism, do you think his reasoning is sound? Explain.

Question 49

According to the author, the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) did not start as a religious order interested in education, but education quickly became its hallmark. Do you think that this move was a corruption from the vision of Ignatius or aligned with it? Explain.

Question 50

Review the lengthy quote on justification from the Council of Trent. Do you think that it principally aligns or departs from that of the Protestants? Regarding any divergences from the Protestants, do you think that Trent's position more intellectually cogent than that of Luther or Calvin? Why or why not?