Deck 10: Substance Use

Question 1

What is the condition caused by regular drug intake whereby a higher dose is required to produce the same effects previously obtained at a lower dose known as?

A) Tolerance
B) Addiction
C) Misuse
D) Withdrawal
E) Abuse

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Kimmy drinks an excessive amount of coffee. After deciding to cut out caffeine from her diet, Kimmy experiences headaches, sleepiness, irritability, and lethargy. What is Kimmy experiencing?

A) Social impairment
B) Withdrawal
C) Hypomania
D) Tolerance
E) Intoxication

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Along with impaired control over drug taking, which other element is usually considered to be the hallmark of maladaptive substance use?

A) The drug being used is illegal.
B) Withdrawal symptoms appear when drug use stops.
C) The drug use causes harm.
D) The drug use causes intoxication.
E) Money needed to obtain the drug leads to further crime.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What routes of administration are associated with the fastest and most efficient drug uptake?

A) Inhalation and ingestion
B) Absorption through the skin and inhalation
C) Inhalation and injection
D) Injection and ingestion
E) Ingestion and absorption through the skin

Question 5

Which of the following factors can alter the potential effects of drugs?

A) Using the drug in a familiar or unfamiliar setting
B) Your body weight
C) The route of administration (e.g., inhalation)
D) Both B and C
E) All of the above

Question 6

What are the three major drug classes?

A) Depressants, hallucinogens, and stimulants
B) Stimulants, opioids, and alcohol
C) Depressants, hallucinogens, and opioids
D) Hallucinogens, alcohol, and stimulants
E) Opioids, alcohol, and stimulants

Question 7

Cocaine and amphetamine are examples which of the following?

A) Depressants
B) Opioids
C) Hallucinogens
D) Alcohols
E) Stimulants

Question 8

A drug-related crash characterized by rapidly diminishing intoxication effects and feelings of depression, lethargy, and/or hunger is probably associated with a binge on which of the following?

A) Opioids
B) Hallucinogens
C) Depressants
D) Stimulants
E) Alcohol

Question 9

Which class of drugs is most chemically diverse but shares the common capacity to produce altered states of consciousness and psychedelic perceptual experiences?

A) Alcohol
B) Hallucinogens
C) Depressants
D) Stimulants
E) Opioids

Question 10

What is a pattern of severe withdrawal symptoms from alcohol characterized by tremors, delusions, hallucinations, and convulsions called?

A) Delirium tremens
B) Tourette's syndrome
C) Asperger's syndrome
D) Korsakoff syndrome
E) Epilepsy

Question 11

Research examining the relationship between blood alcohol levels (BAL) and aggression reveals what?

A) Aggression is most pronounced when BALs are rising.
B) Aggression is most pronounced when BALs are rising, but only for men and not women.
C) Aggression is most pronounced when BALs are dropping.
D) Aggression is most pronounced when BALs are dropping, but only for men and not women.
E) Whether BALs are rising or falling has no apparent impact on aggression.

Question 12

In Goldstein's tripartite model, what are the three major drug-violence/crime links?

A) Economic compulsive, enforcement-related, intoxicated
B) Psychopharmacological, systemic, enforcement-related
C) Enforcement-related, intoxicated, systemic
D) Systemic, economic compulsive, psychopharmacological
E) Intoxicated, psychopharmacological, economic compulsive

Question 13

As a result of using cocaine, Jesse experienced a psychotic break and shot his girlfriend, whom he perceived was a giant snake about to strike him. Based on Goldstein's tripartite model, this incident an example of what?

A) Systemic violence/crime
B) Intoxicated violence/crime
C) Economic compulsive violence/crime
D) Enforcement-related violence/crime
E) Psychopharmacological violence/crime

Question 14

Based on Goldstein's tripartite model, which of the following refers to drug-related crime and violence that occurs because the drug trade is illegal and its participants cannot turn to authorities for assistance?

A) Systemic violence/crime
B) Intoxicated violence/crime
C) Economic compulsive violence/crime
D) Enforcement-related violence/crime
E) Psychopharmacological violence/crime

Question 15

There are indications that opioid intoxication can have a "reverse psychopharmacological effect." What does this mean?

A) It occasionally causes effects which are the opposite of those normally produced.
B) It has greater intoxication effects with smaller rather than larger doses.
C) It reduces the risk of crime and violence.
D) It gives the user the sensation that time is moving backwards.
E) It can cause death.

Question 16

One of the reasons that withdrawal may facilitate aggression is because some people use drugs to suppress their irritable, angry, and aggressive feelings, and during withdrawal this suppressing effect is lifted. What is this explanation known as?

A) Self-medication hypothesis
B) Pacification theory
C) The suppressing effect
D) Constrainment theory
E) Medicalization

Question 17

It appears that opioid intoxication does not facilitate aggressive behaviour, but that withdrawal from these drugs might. What is another drug that appears to exhibit this same pattern of relationships to aggression?

A) Cocaine
B) Alcohol
C) Amphetamine
D) LSD
E) Cannabis

Question 18

What is the spontaneous re-occurrence of a drug-induced perceptual experience that happens during a drug-free state called?

A) Flashbulb memory
B) Retroactive intoxication
C) Spontaneously-induced intoxication
D) Flashback
E) Déjà vu

Question 19

What class of drugs generally exhibits the weakest relationship to crime and violence?

A) Opioids
B) Stimulants
C) Hallucinogens
D) Depressants
E) Alcohol

Question 20

It is widely acknowledged that which drug exhibits the strongest relationship to crime and violence?

A) Methamphetamine
B) Crack cocaine
C) Heroin
D) Alcohol
E) LSD

Question 21

Typically, alcohol and which other drug has been used by offenders to render their victims easy to overpower and control?

A) Sedative-hypnotics
B) Cocaine
C) LSD
D) Amphetamine
E) PCP

Question 22

Which theories of alcohol-related violence focus on the intoxication effects of alcohol, which depress functioning in the areas of the brain responsible for behavioural controls?

A) Frontal lobe intoxication theories
B) Cognitive-interference theories
C) Expectancy theories
D) Depression-related theories
E) Disinhibition theories

Question 23

According to selective disinhibition theory, alcohol intoxication is most likely to facilitate violent behaviour in situations characterized by which of the following?

A) Active constraint
B) Limited constraint
C) Passive constraint
D) Informal constraint
E) Conscious constraint

Question 24

According to selective disinhibition theory, which term refers to the relatively small conscious and deliberate effort needed to act in a socially acceptable manner in situations where acting violently is perceived to be ineffective or desirable?

A) Active constraint
B) Limited constraint
C) Passive constraint
D) Informal constraint
E) Conscious constraint

Question 25

The owners of a drinking establishment notice a significant decrease in incidents of aggressive behaviour and fighting after they installed large mirrors on many of the walls. The apparent effect of the mirrors best supports which theory of alcohol-related violence?

A) Attention-allocation model
B) Self-reflection model
C) Deviance-disavowal theory
D) Self-awareness model
E) Appraisal-disruption model

Question 26

Which of the following is an expectancy theory of alcohol-related aggression?

A) Self-awareness model
B) Self-reflection model
C) Deviance-disavowal theory
D) Appraisal-disruption model
E) Selective disinhibition

Question 27

As a group, the cognitive-interference theories of alcohol-related violence are similar in many respects to a more general cognitive theory referred to as which of the following?

A) Criminal thinking styles
B) Moral disengagement
C) Moral reasoning
D) Cognitive neoassociation
E) Social information processing

Question 28

Todd has several beers while at a football game. Very intoxicated and enthusiastic, Todd stands in his chair, dancing and screaming loudly. While many other fans are cheering him on, the man sitting behind him is rolling his eyes and complaining to his wife about Todd's behaviour. Despite pleas from his friends to ignore the man, Todd can't let the transgression go and starts a fight. Which of the following theories of the alcohol-violence relationship would explain Todd's narrow focus on hostile cues in his environment?

A) Attention allocation model
B) Cognitive dissonance theory
C) Self-awareness model
D) Excitation transfer theory
E) General aggression model

Question 29

The explanation of alcohol-related violence based on outcome expectancies focuses on which expectation?

A) That the usual social standards are not applied to drunken people
B) That although other people act out while intoxicated, I do not
C) That taking alcohol causes people to behave aggressively
D) That drunken behaviour is strongly disapproved of by society
E) That drunken behaviour is tolerated in society

Question 30

Giancola (2000) theorizes that alcohol intoxication impairs a person's global cognitive capacity, and therefor negatively impacts a wide range of cognitive processes, including the ability to pay attention, process social information, and formulate appropriate social responses. According to this theory, aggressive behaviour is more likely among what type of intoxicated people?

A) Those who are very creatively minded
B) Those who possess less executive cognitive functioning capacity
C) Those who have a high self-appraisal
D) Those who suffer from myopia (short-sightedness)
E) Those who are chronic alcoholics

Question 31

Identify the three major classes of psychoactive drugs and identify one drug within each class.

Question 32

Define and distinguish drug tolerance and withdrawal.

Question 33

Identify and briefly explain the three major factors that influence the nature of a drug's effects.

Question 34

Explain what is meant when it is said that alcohol has biphasic effects, and the relationship of these biphasic effects to aggressive behaviour.

Question 35

Explain the self-medication hypothesis and identify one of the drugs to which the hypothesis may apply.

Question 36

Parker's selective disinhibition theory incorporates the ideas of active constraint and passive constraint. Explain and distinguish these two types of constraint.

Question 37

Explain and distinguish the appraisal-disruption and attention allocation models of alcohol-related violence.

Question 38

Describe and distinguish explanations of alcohol-related violence based on "outcome expectancies" and "deviance-disavowal."

Question 39

Identify and briefly outline the three broad groups of theories developed to explain alcohol-related violence. Describe one theory specific to each group.

Question 40

Identify and describe the three drug-violence/crime links incorporated into Goldstein's tripartite model and give an example illustrating each one.