Deck 1: Introduction

Question 1

Definitions of "violent behaviour" include which of the following components?

A) It is an intentional act.
B) It must result in serious injury.
C) The victim is non-consenting.
D) Both A and B
E) Both A and C

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Compared to criminal behaviour, which of the following is true of antisocial behaviour?

A) It may not violate criminal laws.
B) It violates personal rights and/or social standards.
C) It is adaptive.
D) Both A and C
E) All of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Van Langen and colleagues (2014) examined the link between empathy and criminal behaviour across 38 separate studies with a total of more than 6000 participants. They found that offenders displayed lower levels of empathy than non-offenders. Their study illustrates which of the following research designs?

A) Quasi-experimental design
B) Experimental design
C) Case study
D) Meta-analysis
E) Longitudinal design

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In contrast to criminal behaviour, which of the following is true of antisocial behaviour?

A) It is prosocial.
B) It is adaptive.
C) It is maladaptive.
D) It is always instrumental.
E) It always violates criminal laws.

Question 5

Longitudinal research has consistently found that a small proportion of individuals are responsible for a disproportionate amount of crime. In other words, some people never commit a crime, while a few people are persistent offenders. What is this evidence of?

A) Inter-individual differences
B) Coercion theory
C) Intra-individual differences
D) Cheater theory
E) Macro-theory

Question 6

The age-crime curve shows that many adolescents engage in some form of criminal behaviour or deviance but, in many cases, these individuals "grow out" of crime by early adulthood. This phenomenon best illustrates which of the following?

A) Crime fatigue
B) Cohort familiarity
C) Inter-individual differences
D) Instrumental violence
E) Intra-individual differences

Question 7

Instrumental violence is characterized by which of the following?

A) High emotional arousal
B) A preceding provocation
C) Victims who are closely related to the perpetrator
D) An absence of emotional arousal
E) Spontaneity

Question 8

Reactive violence is characterized by which of the following?

A) Attacks against persons whom are closely related to the offender
B) Spontaneous acts of violence
C) High emotional arousal
D) A prior provocation
E) All of the above

Question 9

The ________ perspective focuses on the influence of social groups and society on criminal behaviour, while the ________ perspective focuses on the mental processes and behaviour of individuals who engage in crime.

A) psychological; sociological
B) cross-sectional; longitudinal
C) proximal; distal
D) longitudinal; cross-sectional
E) sociological; psychological

Question 10

In the Philadelphia birth cohort study, the researchers studied a cohort of males born in 1945 in Philadelphia for approximately eight years (from age 10 to 18 years) to examine causes of delinquency. What is this study an example of?

A) Experimental research design
B) Quasi-experimental research design
C) Meta-analysis
D) Cross-sectional research design
E) Longitudinal research design

Question 11

A good theory of criminal behaviour must be able to account for which factors?

A) Inter-individual differences
B) Intra-individual differences
C) Manuscript typos
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 12

A researcher interested in examining why the homicide rate in Canada is so much lower than what is observed in the United States would most likely be using which type or category of theory?

A) Critical legal theory
B) Common sense
C) Personality theory
D) Micro theory
E) Macro theory

Question 13

A protest group complains that Facebook has banned a photo of a mother breastfeeding her child while allowing men to post topless photos of themselves. The protest group argues that this censorship is arbitrary and adversely targets women. This example of censorship is consistent with which theory?

A) Macro theory of crime
B) Consensus theory of crime
C) Conflict theory of crime
D) Evolutionary theory of crime
E) Personality theory of crime

Question 14

A review of criminal laws from different jurisdictions across the world reveals that certain behaviours, such as homicide, are universally considered to be criminal. Considering homicide to be illegal is consistent with which theory?

A) Consensus theory of crime
B) Micro theory of crime
C) Longitudinal theory of crime
D) Macro theory of crime
E) Conflict theory of crime

Question 15

If you have developed a set of interconnected statements about how viewing violent media is related to violent behaviour in the real world, then what have you developed?

A) Podcast
B) Theory
C) Montage
D) Time paradox
E) Pilot episode

Question 16

Compare and contrast instrumental violence and reactive violence.

Question 17

What is criminal behaviour? How is crime socially constructed?

Question 18

Define the age-crime curve. Using the age-crime curve, distinguish between inter- and intra-individual differences.

Question 19

Identify three basic research designs and outline their relative strengths and weaknesses.

Question 20

Develop three different studies to test the theory that there is a relationship between viewing violent media and real-world aggression. In your answer, provide a definition of theory, and distinguish between major types of theory that might explain the above relationship. In addition, each proposed study should reflect the different research designs discussed in this chapter.

Question 21

For this question use the following example:
In the winter and early spring of 2017, the University of California at Berkley experienced several violent protests. The protests concerned proposed public speakers and the right to free speech, and resulted in conflicts between extreme right- and left-wing political groups. Both sides of the dispute have attempted to legitimize their actions.
What is criminal behaviour? Examine violent behaviour from both a consensus and a conflict approach and comment on whether violence can ever be legitimized. Does violence at protests, including violence that might be deemed hateful, fit with definitions of violent behaviour in Chapter 1?