Deck 1: The Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System

Question 1

What type of epithelium lines the anterior third of the nasal cavity?

A) stratified squamous
B) pseudostratified ciliated squamous
C) pseudostratified ciliated columnar
D) cuboidal

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which structures form the posterior section of the floor of the nasal cavity?
I)Nasal bones
II)Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
III)Palatine process of maxilla
IV)Superior portion of soft palate

A) IV only
B) III and IV only
C) II, III, and IV only
D) 1, II, III only

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What effect,if any,would be expected from the topical application of phenylephrine on the nasal mucosa?

A) vasoconstriction
B) vasodilation
C) bronchospasm
D) no known effect

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Where is the olfactory region located in the nasal cavity?

A) superior and middle turbinates
B) middle and inferior turbinates
C) choana
D) vestibule

Question 5

Among pediatric patients,in which age range is epistaxis most prevalent?

A) 2-10 years
B) newborn -2 years
C) 8-16 years
D) 10-14 years

Question 6

Which of the following are functions of the upper airway?
I)Conduction of gas to lower airway
II)Prevent foreign materials from entering lower airway
III)Warm,filter,and humdify inspired gas
IV)Aid in speech and smell

A) I, II, III, and IV
B) I, II, and III only
C) I, III, and IV only
D) I, II, and IV only

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the nose?

A) conduct gas and food to lower airway
B) humidfy inspired gas
C) filter the inspired gas
D) warm the inspired gas

Question 8

What is another term for conchae?

A) turbinates
B) choana
C) vestibule
D) alae

Question 9

Which structure form the lower two-thirds of the nose?
I)Lateral nasal cartilage
II)Lesser and greater alar cartilages
III)Septal cartilage
IV)Fibrous fatty tissue

A) I, II, III, and IV
B) I, II, and III only
C) I, II, and IV only
D) I. III, and IV only

Question 10

Which of the following structures form the anterior nasal septum?
I)Septal cartilage
II)Vomer
III)Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
IV)Frontal process of maxilla

A) I only
B) I and II only
C) II, III, and IV only
D) I, II, and III only

Question 11

Approximately what portion of the sense of taste is reliant upon the sense of smell?

A) 80%
B) 60%
C) 40%
D) 20%

Question 12

Which of the following can cause sinusitis?
I)Upper respiratory infection
II)Dental infection
III)Air travel
IV)Scuba diving

A) I, II, III, and IV
B) I and II only
C) I, II, and III only
D) I, II, and IV only

Question 13

What is the term for widening of the nostrils that can occur during respiratory distress?

A) nasal flaring
B) alar collapse
C) retractions
D) grunting

Question 14

Which of the following sinuses are considered to be paranasal sinuses?
I)Maxillary
II)Frontal
III)Ethmoid
IV)Sphenoid

A) I. II. III, and IV
B) I, II, and III only
C) I. III, and IV only
D) I and II only

Question 15

In which structure would vibrissae normally be found?

A) nasal cavity
B) oropharynx
C) laryngopharynx
D) trachea

Question 16

Which structures form the upper third of the nose?
I)Nasal bones
II)Frontal process of maxilla
III)Lateral nasal cartilage
IV)Greater alar cartilage

A) I and II only
B) I , II, and III only
C) I. II, and IV only
D) I, II, III, and IV

Question 17

What is the term for the openings created by the alae nasi and septal cartilage?

A) nares
B) glottis
C) vestibule
D) choana

Question 18

What type of epithelium is present in the posterior two-thirds of the nasal cavity?

A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar
B) cuboidal
C) stratified squamous
D) pseudostratified squamous

Question 19

In the oral cavity,what is the term for the space between the teeth and lips?

A) vestibule
B) vallecula
C) vibrissae
D) ventricle

Question 20

Which of the following are primary components of the upper airway?

A) nose, oral cavity, pharynx
B) larynx, trachea, and bronchi
C) nose, oral cavity, larynx and trachea
D) nose, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and trachea

Question 21

Which structure extends from the posterior nares to the superior portion of the soft palate?

A) nasopharynx
B) oropharynx
C) tongue
D) palatine tonsils

Question 22

What is another name for pharyngeal tonsils?

A) adenoids
B) palatine tonsils
C) lingual tonsils
D) faucial tonsils

Question 23

What is the name of the structure that secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A) lingual frenulum
B) extrinsic lingual muscles
C) instrinsic lingual muscles
D) uvula

Question 24

Which structure extends from the base of the tongue to the upper end of the trachea?

A) larynx
B) laryngopharynx
C) thyroid gland
D) rima glottidis

Question 25

Which structure extends from the soft palate to the base of the tongue?

A) oropharynx
B) nasopharynx
C) laryngopharynx
D) uvula

Question 26

Which type of epithelium lines the laryngopharynx?

A) stratified squamous
B) pseudostratified squamous
C) pseudostratified ciliated columnar
D) cuboidal

Question 27

Which laryngeal cartilage is shaped like a signet ring and forms a large portion of the posterior laryngeal wall?

A) cricoid
B) cuneiform
C) corniculate
D) epiglottis

Question 28

Which laryngeal cartilage is primarily responsible for preventing food,liquids,and foreign bodies from entering the lower airways?

A) epiglottis
B) thyroid
C) cricoid
D) corniculate

Question 29

What is another name for the pharyngotympanic tubes?

A) auditory
B) adenoids
C) faucial
D) conchae

Question 30

Which of the following are functions of the larynx?
I)Passageway for gas
II)Protects against aspiration
III)Generation of sounds for speech
IV)Warming and filtration of inspired gas

A) I, II, and III only
B) I and II only
C) I and III only
D) I, III, and IV only

Question 31

Which epithelium lines the oral cavity?

A) stratified squamous
B) cuboidal
C) pseudostraified ciliated columnar
D) pseudostratified squamous

Question 32

To what structure is the uvula attached?

A) soft palate
B) hard palate
C) palatopharyngeal arch
D) palatoglossal arch

Question 33

What is a common site for misplacement of endotracheal tubes during emergency intubation?

A) esophagus
B) left mainstem bronchus
C) stomach
D) left upper lobar bronchus

Question 34

What is another name for the palatine tonsils?

A) faucial
B) pharyngeal
C) lingual
D) adenoids

Question 35

What is the most frequent cause of hearing loss in young children?

A) otitis media
B) sinusitis
C) tonsillitis
D) pharyngitis

Question 36

To what structure does the upper portion of the thyroid cartilage attach by a membrane?

A) hyoid bone
B) tongue
C) epiglottis
D) mandible

Question 37

Which of the cartilages of the larynx are unpaired?

A) thyroid, epiglottis, and cricoid
B) thyroid, cricoid, and cuneiform
C) artyenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate
D) thyroid, epiglottis, and arytenoid

Question 38

Which epithelium is present in the nasopharynx?

A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar
B) cuboidal
C) stratified squamous
D) pseudostratified squamous

Question 39

What structure is located between the glossoepiglottic folds in the posterior oropharynx?

A) vallecula epiglottica
B) lingual tonsils
C) palatine tonsils
D) rima glottidis

Question 40

What type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx?

A) stratified squamous
B) pseudostratified squamous
C) pseudostratified ciliated columnar
D) cuboidal

Question 41

How many times per minute do the cilia in the tracheobronchial tree move?

A) 1500 times
B) 2500 times
C) 500 times
D) 50 times

Question 42

What is the primary component of the mucous blanket in the tracheobronchial tree?

A) water
B) lipids
C) glycoproteins
D) DNA

Question 43

What is the secondary vital function of the larynx?

A) Valsalva's maneuver
B) Gag reflex
C) Babinski reflex
D) Moro maneuver

Question 44

Which type of epithelium is present in the larynx above the vocal cords?

A) stratified squamous
B) cuboidal
C) pseudostratified squamous
D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Question 45

Which of the laryngeal cartilages are paired?
I)Cuneiform
II)Arytenoid
III)Corniculate
IV)Cricoid

A) I, II, and III only
B) I, II, III, and IV
C) I, II, and IV only
D) II, III, and IV only

Question 46

What is the space between the true vocal cords called?

A) rima glottidis
B) vestibule
C) vallecula
D) choana

Question 47

What type of epithelium extends from the trachea to the respiratory bronchioles?

A) pseudostratified ciliates columnar
B) cuboidal
C) pseudostratified squamous
D) stratified squamous

Question 48

Approximately how many IgE receptor sites are present on a single mast cell?

A) 100,000 - 500,000
B) 1,000 - 5,000
C) 100 - 500
D) 1,000,000 - 5,000,000

Question 49

Which of the following is a subglottic airway obstruction usually caused by the parainfluenza virus?

A) laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)
B) epiglottitis
C) tonsillitis
D) pharyngitis

Question 50

Which of the following factors can alter the mucociliary transport mechanism?
I)Excessive bronchial secretions
II)Tobacco smoke
III)Hypoxia
IV)Air pollution

A) I, II, III, and IV
B) I, II, and IV only
C) I, II, and III only
D) I and II only

Question 51

At what level in the tracheobronchial tree are cilia completely absent?

A) respiratory bronchioles
B) lobar bronchi
C) mainstem bronchi
D) bronchioles

Question 52

What is the treatment of choice for post-extubation laryngeal edema?

A) aerosolized alpha adrenergic agent such as racemic epinephrine
B) antibiotics
C) cough medicine
D) long-acting bronchodilators

Question 53

Which laryngeal muscles are primarily responsible for adduction of the vocal cords?

A) lateral cricoarytenoid
B) posterior cricoarytenoid
C) transverse arytenoid
D) thyroarytenoid

Question 54

Which of the following muscles pull the larynx and hyoid downward?

A) infrahyoid group
B) suprahyoid group
C) cricothyroid muscles
D) posterior cricoarytenoid muscles

Question 55

When excessive secretions are present in the lungs,what term describes the sound heard by ascultation over large airways during exhalation?

A) rhonchi
B) wheeze
C) crackles
D) stridor

Question 56

Where are mast cells located in the tracheobronchial tree?
I)Lamina propria
II)Intra-alveolar septa
III)Sub-mucosal glands

A) I, II, and III
B) I only
C) I and III only
D) I and II only

Question 57

What is the term for the viscous layer of the mucous blanket?

A) gel
B) sol
C) basal
D) epoxic

Question 58

What is causative agent in the majority of cases of acute epiglottitis?

A) Haemophilus influenzae type B
B) Parainfluenza virus
C) MRSA
D) Streptococcus

Question 59

When degranulation of mast cells occurs and chemical mediators are released,which of the following would occur in the lungs?
I)Increased vascular permeability
II)Increased mucus production
III)Smooth muscle relaxation
IV)Vasodilation with edema

A) I, II, and IV only
B) I, II, III and IV
C) I, II, and III only
D) I and IV only

Question 60

Which cranial nerve innervates the submucosal glands?

A) tenth
B) ninth
C) eighth
D) seventh

Question 61

In the lungs of a healthy young adult male,what is the average surface area available for gas exchange?

A) 70 square meters
B) 100 square meters
C) 300 square meters
D) 50 square meters

Question 62

What is the term for the bifurcation of the trachea?

A) carina
B) hilum
C) choana
D) concha

Question 63

How many segmental bronchi are found in each of the lungs?

A) 10 in right lung, 8 in left lung
B) 8 in right lung, 10 in left lung
C) each lung has 8
D) each lung has 10

Question 64

Which structures are nourished by the bronchial arteries?

A) trachea through the terminal bronchioles
B) respiratory zone
C) trachea and mainstem bronchi only
D) noncartilaginous airways only

Question 65

How many second generation bronchi would you find in a healthy adult tracheobronchial tree?

A) 5
B) 3
C) 6
D) 2

Question 66

What is the term for the cartilaginous airways?

A) conducting zone
B) respiratory unit
C) acinus
D) tracheobronchial tree

Question 67

In the adult male,approximately how many alveoli are present in the lungs?

A) 300 million
B) 600 million
C) 180 million
D) 130 million

Question 68

In an adult,at what angle does the left mainstem bronchus branch from the trachea?

A) 40-60 degrees
B) 60-75 degrees
C) 25-40 degrees
D) 10-15 degrees

Question 69

At what point in the tracheobronchial tree are Clara cells present?

A) terminal bronchioles
B) respiratory bronchioles
C) subsegmental bronchi
D) bronchioles

Question 70

Which vessel is the most commonly associated with massive hemorrhage following a tracheostomy?

A) innominate artery
B) carotid artery
C) pulmonary artery
D) subclavian artery

Question 71

In the newborn,at what angles do the right and left mainstem bronchi form with the trachea?

A) both form a 55 degree angle
B) both form a 40 degree angle
C) right forms a 25 degree angle, left forms a 60 degree angle
D) right forms a 60 degree angle, left forms a 25 degree angle

Question 72

In an adult,into which structure would an endotracheal tube likely enter if the tube is inadvertently advanced too far?

A) right mainstem bronchus
B) left mainstem bronchus
C) right middle lobar bronchus
D) left lower lobar bronchus

Question 73

What is the term for the openings in the walls of interalveolar septa?

A) Pores of Kohn
B) Canals of Lambert
C) Clara cells
D) Loose space

Question 74

What type of epithelium composes 95% of the alveolar surface?

A) Type I (squamous pneumocyte)
B) Type II (cuboidal)
C) Type III (macrophages)
D) Type IV (pseudostratified squamous)

Question 75

In cm,what is the average diameter of the adult trachea?

A) 1.5 - 2.5 cm
B) 2.0-3.5 cm
C) 0.75 - 1.0 cm
D) 0.5 - 1.5 cm

Question 76

Which alveolar cells are considered to be the source of pulmonary surfactant?

A) Type II
B) Type III
C) Type IV
D) Type I

Question 77

What is the recommended "safe range" for endotracheal tube cuff pressures?

A) 20-25 mm Hg
B) 30-35 mm Hg
C) 35-40 mm Hg
D) 45-50 mm Hg

Question 78

Which airways compose the noncartilaginous airways?
I)Subsegmental bronchi
II)Bronchioles
III)Terminal bronchioles
IV)Respiratory bronchioles

A) II and III only
B) I, II, and III only
C) II only
D) I, II, III, and IV

Question 79

At which airway generation do Canals of Lambert appear?

A) 16 - 19
B) 12-15
C) 6-9
D) 20-26

Question 80

How does the total cross-sectional area of the tracheobrochial tree change from the trachea to the respiratory zone?

A) It increases steadily to the terminal bronchioles then increases significantly in the respiratory zone
B) It decreases slightly to the terminal bronchioles then decreases significantly
C) It remains steady throughout the tracheobronchial tree
D) It increases steadily through the lobar bronchi then increases significantly through the remaining airway generations