Deck 2: Methods to Study Relationships

Question 1

If an experiment resembles the real world, it is high in …

A) experimental realism
B) mundane realism
C) controlled realism
D) preferred realism

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is not a type of correlation?

A) a negative correlation
B) a positive correlation
C) a zero correlation
D) a complex correlation

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A challenge inherent in collecting survey data is the possibility of ordering effects. This refers to a bias in …

A) instructions that demand that all questions are answered even when the participant has no opinion regarding one or more of the items
B) directions that order participants not to share their answers with others
C) the total number of items included on the survey instrument
D) the sequence in which questions are placed on the survey

Answer 3

D

Question 4

To obtain the best and most honest responses to interviews, it is extremely important that …

A) as little money as possible is spent on the process
B) the interviewer establishes a rapport with the interviewee
C) the interviewer avoids sensitive topics
D) the interviewee give yes and no answers

Question 5

One of the most costly and time-consuming forms of data collection is …

A) interviews
B) case studies
C) experiments
D) archival research

Question 6

Naturalness of behavior and naturalness of the setting are advantages of what type of research design?

A) the case study
B) systematic observation
C) archival studies
D) the experiment

Question 7

A major disadvantage of archival research is that ...

A) the researcher does not have control over the accuracy of the data
B) archival research is usually not economical
C) data from large geographical regions cannot be collected
D) naturally occuring phenomena cannot be studied

Question 8

Content analysis allows researchers to …

A) determine statistical significance
B) summarize archival data
C) determine content validiy
D) decifer letters and diaries that were written in codel language

Question 9

Using two or more coders or observers to look at data in order to determine if they reach a consensus regarding what they are observing is called …

A) the false consensus effect
B) archival research
C) statistical significance
D) inter-rater reliability

Question 10

Coding archival data into measurable units of analysis is called …

A) content analysis
B) meta-analysis
C) orthogonal analysis
D) factor analysis

Question 11

When an increase in one variable is related to an increase in another variable, there is …

A) a zero correlation
B) a positive correlation
C) an absolute correlation
D) a negative correlation

Question 12

An example of a negative correlation would be …

A) as the hours a student studies increases, his/her grades go up
B) as the amount of coffee consumed increases, heart rate increases
C) as the similarity between two people increases, attraction between them decreases
D) as the amount of TV viewing increases, grade point average increases

Question 13

When participants are fully involved and absorbed by an experiment, this is called …

A) experimental realism
B) mundane realism
C) parsimony
D) experimental control

Question 14

Which of the following is not true of experiments?

A) provide control over the lab or field environment
B) are high in real-world realism
C) provide control over unwanted variables
D) test the causal nature among variables

Question 15

Ensuring that each participant has an equal chance of being in any of the experiment's conditions is achieved through …

A) ordering effects
B) random assignment
C) experimental realism
D) mundane realism

Question 16

Which of the following is not a technique to ensure random assignment to the conditions of an experiment?

A) flipping a coin
B) using a random number generator
C) letting participants chose
D) drawing numbers out of a hat

Question 17

Which of the following is not true about correlational analysis?

A) it allows researchers to examine variables that usually can't be manipulated
B) it is relatively fast and convenient
C) it allows researchers to determine which of the variables caused a change In the other
D) it examines the relationship among two or more variables

Question 18

Which of the following would not be considered a source of archival data?

A) letters
B) diaries
C) introspective thoughts
D) census data

Question 19

The methodology that uses existing data that have often been collected for other purppose is …

A) correlational techniques
B) experimental designs
C) case studies
D) archival research

Question 20

Some researchers believe that it is best to use multiple operationalizations to define complex concepts related to intimate relationships because ...

A) it enhances stasticial power
B) single operationalizations tap into a limited set of features
C) quantity is always better than quality
D) the more used, the more likely the researcher will find significant differences even if they are not central to the study

Question 21

One of the drawbacks of correlational research is that …

A) it is unscientific
B) it can only examine positive relationships
C) it cannot provide information about causation
D) it is expensive

Question 22

As commitment increases, the likelihood of breaking up decreases. This is an example of a …

A) causal explanation
B) negative correlation
C) positive correlation
D) manipulation

Question 23

Which of these is NOT likely to influence participants' answers on a survey?

A) order effects
B) the halo effect
C) the wording of the question
D) questions becoming more specific throughout the survey

Question 24

Which of the following is a disadvantage of survey methods?

A) it can reach large numbers of people at once
B) the cost of implementation is low
C) self-reports can be unreliable
D) respondents are anonymous and more likely to respond honestly

Question 25

Research designs that are set up to follow participants over extended periods of time are known as …

A) experimental
B) archival
C) cross-sectional
D) longitudinal

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of archival data?

A) newspapers
B) census data
C) diaries
D) all of the above

Question 27

One limitation to using operationalization in research is …

A) it allows us to objectively study hard-to-see concepts
B) it limits the breadth of what conclusions we can draw from the results
C) it tells us how a concept is being measured
D) it allows other researchers to replicate our work

Question 28

Defining ""attraction"" as the number of times someone asks an individual for their phone number is an example of a(n) …

A) concrete definition
B) hypothesis
C) operational definition
D) experiment

Question 29

Lewis Terman's _____ study on gifted children is notable because it is followed 1521 subjects from 1920 to 2005.

A) longitudinal
B) experimental
C) archival
D) cross-sectional

Question 30

Random assignment means that …

A) the same participants are used in all of the conditions of an experiment
B) everyone who participates in an experiment has an equal chance to be assigned to any of its conditions
C) participants are allowed to select whether they will be in the experimental or control group
D) none of the above

Question 31

A/an _____________ specifies, in concrete, measurable terms terms, our variable of interest.

A) operational definition
B) correlation
C) theory
D) experiment

Question 32

Kalei recently read in one of her textbooks that direct eye contact can be interpreted differently across cultures. She starts observing people around her and now believes that couples in love spend more time looking into each others' eyes. Kalei had come up with a/an __________about the relationship between gaze and love.

A) theory
B) hypothesis
C) unnformed decision
D) error

Question 33

What goal sets the scientific pursuit of knowledge apart from laypeople's astute observations of human behavior?

A) objectivity
B) parsimony
C) subjectivity
D) mundane realism

Question 34

Which of the following is not an assumption that underlies the conduct of scientific research?

A) empiricism
B) existentialism
C) determinism
D) testability

Question 35

The Rochester Interaction Record (RIR) and the Iowa Communication Record (ICR) are both examples of …

A) unstructured diary entry methods of collecting data
B) structured methods designed to collect data about daily interactions
C) banned methodologies
D) attempts to create more subjective methods of collecting data

Question 36

Before running a research study, researchers must take which of these following steps to ensure the well-being of their participants?

A) obtain approval to run the study from a review board
B) minimize risks associated with participating in the study
C) obtain informed consent from participants
D) all of the above

Question 37

The type of realism requires that experimental participants be fully involved and absorbed by the experiment and interpret the manipulations in just the ways that the researcher had envisioned is called …

A) mundane realism
B) experimental realism
C) virtual realism
D) manipulative realism

Question 38

Control, random assignment, and comparison are three important elements of a(n) …

A) hypothesis
B) archival study
C) experiment
D) observational method