Deck 6: Oxygen and Carbon DioxideTransport

Question 1

What quantity of oxygen would be transported if Hb was 12g% and the SaO₂ was 90%?

A) 14.47 vol% O₂
B) 16.08 vol% O₂
C) 19.8 vol%
D) 16.98 vol%

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What does a hematocrit of 54% indicate for a 40 year old male residing at seal level?

A) polycythemia
B) anemia
C) normal value
D) hemophilia

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is derived from the following formula?
(Hb x 1.34 x SvO₂)+ (PvO₂ x 0.003)

A) CvO₂
B) CaO₂
C) CCO₂
D) DO₂

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What is the normal hemoglobin value for adult females?

A) 12-15 g%
B) 10-14 g%
C) 14-16g%
D) 12-18 g%

Question 5

What is the term for Hb?

A) deoxyhemoglobin
B) oxyhemoglobin
C) methemoglobin
D) carboxyhemoglobin

Question 6

A patient with a gunshot wound arrived via ambulance at the ER with Hb 4g%,SaO₂ 98% on FIO₂ 1.0 and PaO₂ of 503 mm Hg.What would her oxygen content equal?

A) 6.76 vol% O₂
B) 20.1 vol %O₂
C) 12.6 vol% O₂
D) 9.8 vol% O₂

Question 7

In which type of hemoglobin is the iron in the ferric state?

A) methemoglobin
B) HbA
C) HbF
D) carboxyhemoglobin

Question 8

At body temperature and a PaO₂ of 500 mmHg,how much oxygen can dissolve in the plasma?

A) 1.5 vol%
B) 0.15 vol%
C) 15 vol%
D) 0.015 vol%

Question 9

What is the term for HbO₂?

A) oxyhemoglobin
B) reduced hemoglobin
C) carboxyhemoglobin
D) carbaminohemoglobin

Question 10

What would the total oxygen content equal if the hemoglobin was 16g%,SaO₂ was 90% and PaO₂ was 63 mm Hg?

A) 19.48 vol%
B) 21.6 vol%
C) 20.1 vol %
D) 19.8 vol%

Question 11

How much oxygen can dissolve in a plasma at body temperature?

A) 0.003 mL/dL/mmHg PO₂
B) 0.03 mL/dL/mmHg PO₂
C) 0.3 mL/dL/mmHg PO₂
D) 1.34 mL/dL/mmHg PO₂

Question 12

How many alpha and beta chains are present in a HbA molecule?

A) 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
B) 1 alpha and 1 beta chain
C) 141 alpha and 146 beta chains
D) 146 alpha and 141 beta chains

Question 13

How many heme groups are in each Hb A molecule?

A) 4
B) 15
C) 280 million
D) 1.34

Question 14

Approximately how many hemoglobin molecules are contained in one RBC?

A) 280 million
B) 4
C) 15
D) 1.34

Question 15

At body temperature,how much oxygen is transported in the plasma if the PaO₂ is 70 mm Hg?

A) 0.21 vol%
B) 21 vol %
C) 0.021 vol %
D) 2.1 vol%

Question 16

If the hemoglobin level is 16 g%,what is the maximum quantity of oxygen that can be transported bound to the hemoglobin?

A) 21.44 vol %
B) 21.74 vol%
C) 20.93 vol %
D) 16 vol%

Question 17

What is the normal hemoglobin value for adult males?

A) 14-16 g%
B) 12-15 g%
C) 15-18 g%
D) 12-18 g%

Question 18

What is the formula for calculating CCO₂?

A) (Hb x 1.34) + (PaO₂ x 0.003)
B) (Hb x 1.34) + (PvO₂ x 0.003)
C) (Hb x 1.34) + (PaO₂ x 0.03)
D) (Hb x 1.34) + (PaO₂ x 0.03)

Question 19

Which vessels contribute to normal physiologic shunts?
I)bronchial vein
II)thebesian veins
III)pulmonary capillaries that perfuse underventilated alveoli

A) I, II, III
B) I and II only
C) I and III only
D) III only

Question 20

Which type of hemoglobin contains 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains?

A) HbF
B) HbS
C) HbO
D) HbM

Question 21

A patient has a reported CaO₂ of 19 vol% ,cardiac output of 4.8 L/min,and CvO₂ of 14 vol%.What would the oxygen consumption equal?

A) 240 mLO₂/ min
B) 250 mL O₂/min
C) 960 mL O₂/min
D) insufficent info provided to calculate

Question 22

Which variable appears on the left side (y axis)of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve nomogram?

A) percentage of hemoglobin chemically bound to oxygen
B) total oxygen content
C) oxygen pressure
D) barometric pressure

Question 23

During an acute asthma episode,a female patient arrived in ER and on room air was found to have a pH 7.25,PaCO₂ 71 mm Hg,PaO₂ 27 mmHg.What effect would these blood gases have on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A) pH and PCO₂ would shift the curve to the right
B) pH and PCO₂ would shift the curve to the left
C) pH would cause left shift but PCO₂ would cause right shift
D) PCO₂ would cause left shift but pH would cause right shift

Question 24

Which of the following increase the 2,3 BPG levels?
I)hypoxia
II)anemia
III)blood stored for more than 1 week
IV)decreased pH

A) I and II only
B) I, II, III, and IV
C) I, II, and III only
D) I, III, and IV only

Question 25

What is the normal P₅₀?

A) 27 mm Hg
B) 20 mm Hg
C) 30 mm Hg
D) 50 mm Hg

Question 26

From 97% and 90% saturation on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve,what change occurs in the PO₂?

A) It falls from 100mm Hg to 60 mm Hg
B) It rises from 60 mm Hg to 100 mm Hg
C) It rises from 27mm Hg to 40 mm Hg
D) It falls from 75mm hg to 60 mm Hg

Question 27

Which portion of the oxhemoglobin dissociation curve illustrates that hemoglobin has a safety zone for the loading of oxygen in the lungs?

A) flat portion between 90-100% saturation
B) steep portion between 0-25% saturation
C) steep portion between 50-90% saturation
D) flat portion between 50-75% saturation

Question 28

A patient has a reported CaO₂ of 19 vol%,cardiac output of 4.8 L/min,and CvO₂ of 14 vol%.What would the oxygen extraction ratio equal?

A) 26.3%
B) 50%
C) 74%
D) insufficent info provided to calculate

Question 29

Using the 40-50-60/70-80-90 Rule,what PaO₂ would be predicted if the SpO₂ were 80%?

A) 50 mm Hg
B) 60 mm Hg
C) 40 mm Hg
D) 70 mm Hg

Question 30

What would the DO₂ equal if a patient has a CaO₂ of 18 vol% and a CO of 6 L/min.

A) 1080 mL O₂/min
B) 960 mL O₂/ min
C) 333 mL O₂/min
D) 618 mL O₂/min

Question 31

A patient has a reported SaO₂ of 90%,hemoglobin 15 g%,PaO₂ of 61 mmHg,cardiac output of 6 L/min,and CvO₂ of 14.2 vol%.What would the C(a-v)O₂ equal?

A) 4.07 vol%
B) 5 vol%
C) 6.07 vol%
D) insufficent info provided to calculate

Question 32

How would a PO₂ of 80 mm Hg affect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and hemoglobin's ability to transport oxygen to peripheral tissues?

A) the curve would not be shifted and oxygen delivery would remain normal
B) the curve would left but oxygen delivery would remain normal
C) the curve would shift right and enhance oxygen delivery
D) the curve would shift left and reduce oxygen delivery

Question 33

Which variable appears on the horizontal portion (x axis)of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation nomogram?

A) oxygen partial pressure
B) total oxygen content
C) percentage of hemoglobin chemically bound to oxygen
D) barometric pressure

Question 34

What impact does the steep portion of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve have on oxygen delivery?

A) PO₂s below 60 enhance the release of oxygen from hemoglobin to the tissues
B) PO₂s below 60 prevents the release of oxygen from hemoglobin to tissues
C) No oxygen can be released to tissues until PO₂s are above 60 mm Hg
D) Oxygen binds irreversibly with hemoglobin until the P50 is reached

Question 35

Which of the following shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
I)decreased pH
II)increased body temperature
III)increased PaCO₂
IV)decreased 2,3 BPG

A) I, II, and III only
B) I, II, III, and IV
C) I and III only
D) I and IV only

Question 36

What does a P₅₀ of 30 indicate?

A) a rightward shift of the curve meaning a decreased affinity of hemoglobin for O₂
B) a rightward shift of the curve meaning an increased affinity of hemoglobin for O₂
C) a leftward shift of the curve meaning a decreased affinity of hemoglobin for O₂
D) a leftward shift of the curve meaning an increased affinity of hemoglobin for O₂

Question 37

What does a hematocrit of 51% indicate for a 50 year old male residing at seal level?

A) polycythemia
B) normal value
C) anemia
D) carboxyhemoglobinemia

Question 38

Which of the following shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left?
I)Fetal Hb (HbF)
II)carboxyhemoglobin
III)increased H+ concentration

A) I and II only
B) I, II, and III
C) II and III only
D) I and III only

Question 39

What is derived when (content of oxygen in arterial blood x 10)is multiplied by cardiac output?

A) total oxygen delivery
B) oxygen consumption
C) oxygen extraction ratio
D) shunt

Question 40

From 97% and 90% saturation on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve,what change occurs in the PO₂?

A) It falls from 100mm Hg to 60 mm Hg
B) It rises from 60 mm Hg to 100 mm Hg
C) It rises from 27mm Hg to 40 mm Hg
D) It falls from 75mm hg to 60 mm Hg

Question 41

What is the general term for the situation when blood flows from the right side of the heart and returns to the left side without passing through the alveolar capillary system?

A) anatomic shunt
B) relative shunt
C) shunt-like effect
D) left-to-right shunt

Question 42

Which type of hypoxia would be present in carbon monoxide poisoning?

A) anemic
B) histotoxic
C) circulatory
D) hypoxemic

Question 43

What is another term for absolute shunts?

A) true shunts
B) relative shunts
C) deadspace
D) shunt-like effects

Question 44

What effect would hyperthermia and shivering have on VO₂ and the O₂ER?

A) Both would increase
B) Both would decrease
C) VO₂ would increase and O₂ER would decrease
D) VO₂ would decrease and O₂ER would increase

Question 45

Which of the following shunts compose true shunts?

A) anatomic and capillary
B) anatomic and relative
C) capillary and relative
D) anatomic and deadspace

Question 46

Which term refers to "low or inadequate oxygen for aerobic cellular metabolism"?

A) hypoxia
B) hypoxemia
C) anoxia
D) lactic acid

Question 47

Which type of hypoxia is characterized by a normal PaO₂ with either a low hemoglobin or a reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the hemoglobin ?

A) anemic
B) hypoxemic
C) circulatory
D) histotoxic

Question 48

In a normal lung,how large is the normal anatomic shunt?

A) 3% of cardiac output
B) 6% of cardiac output
C) 9% of cardiac output
D) less than 1% of cardiac output

Question 49

What is the general definition of hypoxemia?

A) low oxygen tension in arterial blood
B) low oxygen tension at the tissue level
C) low oxygen tension in venous blood
D) low oxygen tension in the hemoglobin

Question 50

Which type of hypoxia is also called stagnant hypoxia?

A) circulatory
B) histotoxic
C) anemic
D) hypoxemic

Question 51

What is the minimum amount reduced hemoglobin that must be present for cyanosis to appear?

A) 5 g%
B) 1 %
C) 3g%
D) 7g%

Question 52

What term is described as "pulmonary perfusion in excess of alveolar ventilation"?

A) relative shunt
B) deadspace
C) anatomic shunt
D) wasted ventilation

Question 53

Using the normal values for DO₂ and VO₂ for a healthy adult,how long would it take to deplete the oxygen stores in the body if an adult experienced a complete respiratory arrest?

A) about 4 minutes
B) about 2 minutes
C) about 8 minutes
D) about 10 minues

Question 54

What value is derived when (CcO?-CaO?) is divided by (CcO?-CvO? )

A) intrapulmonary shunt (Q_S/Q_T)
B) A-a gradient
C) O?ER
D) VO?

Question 55

Which of the following pulmonary shunt values indicates a potentially life-threatening clinical situation?

A) 35%
B) 23%
C) 17%
D) 8%

Question 56

What is the end result of venous admixture?

A) reduced PaO₂ and reduced CaO₂ returning to left side of the heart
B) reduced PaO₂ and reduced CaO₂ returning to left side of the heart
C) increased PaO₂ and increased CaO₂ returning to left side of the heart
D) increased PaO₂ and increased CaO₂ returning to left side of the heart

Question 57

Which type of hypoxia results from an inability of tissue cells to utilize the oxygen delivered to them?

A) histotoxic
B) circulatory
C) anemic
D) hypoxemic

Question 58

Which type of hypoxia is caused by hypoventilation,high altitudes,diffusion defects,and V/Q mismatch?

A) hypoxemic
B) anemic
C) circulatory
D) anemic

Question 59

What effect would cyanide poisoning and hypothermia have on VO₂ and the O₂ER?

A) Both would decrease
B) Both would increase
C) VO₂ would increase and O₂ER would decrease
D) VO₂ would decrease and O₂ER would increase

Question 60

Which of the following would cause capillary shunts?
I)Atelectasis
II)Severe pulmonary edema
III)Pneumonia

A) I, II, and III
B) I only
C) II only
D) I and II only

Question 61

What is the normal ratio of HCO₃- to H₂CO₃ in the plasma of arterial blood?

A) 20:1
B) 10:1
C) 1:20
D) 1:10

Question 62

Which hormone is used in blood boosting by athletes?

A) EPO
B) ACTH
C) HCG
D) Glucagon

Question 63

Which of the following are ways carbon dioxide is transported in the plasma?
I)Dissolved
II)Bicarbonate
III)Carbamino-Hb

A) I and II only
B) I, II, and III
C) I only
D) II only

Question 64

What volume of carbon dioxide is produced per minute by the average adult at rest?

A) 200 mL/min
B) 250 mL/min
C) 100 mL/min
D) 150 mL/min

Question 65

Which of the following are ways carbon dioxide is transported in the RBC?
I)Dissolved
II)Bicarbonate
III)Carbamino-Hb

A) I, II, and III
B) I and II only
C) I only
D) II only

Question 66

What portion of the total amount of CO₂ transported is carried as dissolved CO₂ in the plasma?

A) 5%
B) 1%
C) 10%
D) 20%

Question 67

What portion of the total CO₂ transported by the body is carried as carbamino-Hb?

A) 21%
B) 11%
C) 41%
D) 1%

Question 68

In the lungs,what substances does carbonic acid primarily dissociate into for removal?

A) CO₂ and H20
B) HCO₃- and H+
C) lactic acid
D) carbamino Hb

Question 69

How does the shape of the carbon dioxide dissociation curve compare to that of oxygen?

A) It is more linear than the oxygen dissociation curve.
B) It is shaped more like a sine wave
C) They both are S shaped
D) They both are almost linear

Question 70

What substance is formed when CO₂ is hydrolyzed?

A) carbonic acid which dissociates into HCO₃- and H+
B) lactic acid
C) carbamino compounds
D) carboxyhemoglobin

Question 71

Which clinical anomaly is described as a bluish gray to purple discoloration resulting from increased levels of reduced hemoglobin?

A) cyanosis
B) jaundice
C) mottling
D) vitiligo

Question 72

What is the name for the effect of the oxygenation levels of the blood on the uptake and release of CO₂?

A) Haldane effect
B) Bohr effect
C) Severinghaus effect
D) Halston effect

Question 73

How is the majority of CO₂ transported from the tissues to the lungs?

A) bicarbonate
B) dissolved in the plasma
C) carbamino Hb
D) carbamino compounds

Question 74

What is the function of carbonic anhydrase in the RBC?

A) catalyzes the hydrolysis of dissolved CO₂
B) binds to form carbamino compounds
C) prevents oxygen from binding with hemoglobin
D) enhances the amount of CO₂ that dissolves in the RBC