Deck 12: Motivation and the Regulation of Behavior

Question 1

Psychologists refer to the forces that regulate behavior toward a goal as

A) motivation.
B) emotion.
C) thirst.
D) fixation.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which example best captures the concept of external motivating forces?

A) You try to ignore your roommate while he sings in the shower.
B) You feel a hunger pang in your stomach.
C) You offer your younger brother $20 to clean your room.
D) You cannot ignore the feeling that someone is watching you.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which example best captures the concept of internal motivating forces?

A) Your friend offers you money to walk his dog while he is on vacation.
B) You cannot wait to take a nap after a long, tiring day of classes.
C) Your professor offers extra credit if you answer a bonus problem correctly.
D) If you do not study for the exam, you will not get a passing grade.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to the _______, a physiological need like thirst generates a drive, and the individual responds accordingly.

A) Yerkes-Dodson law
B) drive reduction model
C) hierarchy of needs model
D) social motivation

Question 5

Refer to the graph below.
Based on the graph, which is an accurate conclusion about the relationship between caffeine consumption and exam performance?

A) Caffeine consumption negatively affects exam performance.
B) People perform best on exams when consuming moderate amounts of caffeine.
C) Performance on exams improves continually as caffeine consumption increases.
D) Caffeine consumption and exam performance are unrelated.

Question 6

Homeostasis is best defined as

A) the process of keeping a constant, stable internal environment in the body.
B) the process by which our minimal level of arousal is set.
C) a positive feedback loop between arousal and anxiety.
D) the feedback loop between the ovaries and the nervous system.

Question 7

The proper operation of a thermostat is a good analogy for the way the body maintains

A) circadian rhythms.
B) homeostasis.
C) positive arousal.
D) drive reduction.

Question 8

A person who has trouble maintaining homeostasis is most likely to have a problem with the

A) thalamus.
B) hypothalamus.
C) basal ganglia.
D) testes.

Question 9

The hypothalamus is most critical for

A) maintaining homeostasis.
B) distinguishing among different sensory signals.
C) following verbal commands.
D) controlling the spectrum of human emotions.

Question 10

If you are a sports fan and your team wins a big game, the pleasure you feel is likely the result of _______ release in the _______.

A) dopamine; hypothalamus
B) norepinephrine; nucleus accumbens
C) serotonin; hypothalamus
D) dopamine; nucleus accumbens

Question 11

The dopamine reward pathway of the brain, a series of sites where excitation of neurons leads to feelings of intense pleasure, leads from the _______ to the _______.

A) midbrain; occipital cortex
B) thalamus; hypothalamus
C) hindbrain; midbrain
D) midbrain; frontal cortex

Question 12

Which situation will most likely be accompanied by the greatest release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens?

A) You find your lost keys.
B) You wake up late for your first class.
C) You are hungry and you eat your favorite dessert.
D) You make it to the shuttle bus just in time to get to class.

Question 13

Which region at the base of the forebrain forms an important part of the dopamine reward pathway?

A) Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
B) Inferior colliculus
C) Nucleus accumbens
D) Lateral hypothalamus (LH)

Question 14

According to Maslow's hierarchy, a person who is very uncomfortable in her surroundings might have problems concentrating because her need for _______ has not been met.

A) self-actualization
B) love and belonging
C) safety
D) esteem

Question 15

Which is an example of a physiological need in Maslow's pyramid of needs?

A) Sexual intimacy
B) Friendship
C) Employment stability
D) Sex

Question 16

While setting your air conditioner to automatically cool a room to 69° F, you realize that the same set-point principle applies to the way

A) you fill a flat bicycle tire with air.
B) our brain systems maintain body weight.
C) males and females carry on their species.
D) our bodies recover from severe colds.

Question 17

All of the following help explain why eating is the most studied motivated behavior except:

A) Hunger is relatively simple to study using animal models.
B) Hunger is a need that must be met before we can pursue other needs.
C) Studies of hunger help inform people about healthy diets.
D) Hunger must be controlled properly if a person is to find a mate.

Question 18

Scientific studies have provided evidence that rats have brain systems that maintain a

A) large and intimidating appearance.
B) body weight set point.
C) body mass index (BMI).
D) high level of basal metabolism.

Question 19

Evidence cited in your text suggests that specific areas of the hypothalamus regulate the

A) appearance of the belly.
B) sensitive period for exposure to testosterone.
C) body weight set point.
D) number of calories a person burns during exercise.

Question 20

Though it is rare, a friend who shows signs of sudden weight loss might have damage to the

A) lateral hypothalamus.
B) ventromedial hypothalamus.
C) lateral geniculate nucleus.
D) ventromedial geniculate nucleus.

Question 21

Which conclusion does the research on hypothalamic lesions in rats, as described in your text, best support?

A) The lateral hypothalamus is the "hunger" center of the brain.
B) The ventromedial hypothalamus is the "satiety" center of the brain.
C) The hypothalamus plays a vital role in keeping body weight in homeostasis.
D) The hypothalamus plays no role in regulating body weight.

Question 22

Basal metabolism describes the process by which the body

A) alternates between hunger and satiety.
B) breaks down food to provide energy for warmth, growth, movement, and other activities.
C) conforms to the external temperature.
D) excretes sweat to regulate internal temperature.

Question 23

People with hypothyroidism have a slower basal metabolism, which may also reduce their

A) body temperature.
B) height.
C) skin conductance.
D) cancer risk.

Question 24

Your friend plans on drastically reducing his caloric intake from over 3,000 calories per day to under 1,000 calories per day. It is most likely that he will

A) lose 40 percent of his body weight in the first week.
B) not lose very much weight at first because his metabolism will slow down to adjust to the reduction in caloric intake.
C) lose a lot of weight quickly because his metabolism will speed up to handle the reduction in caloric intake.
D) lose weight quickly, only to gain it back after a few days.

Question 25

Which simple sugar must be present to some degree in our blood in order for us to remain conscious and avoid death?

A) Fructose
B) Galactose
C) Glucose
D) Glutamate

Question 26

The molecule that is used by all body cells for energy is called

A) glucose.
B) glutamate.
C) glutamine.
D) glycogen.

Question 27

Which hormone must be present for body cells to use glucose for immediate energy?

A) Insulin
B) Leptin
C) Serotonin
D) Progesterone

Question 28

Insulin is important for maintaining healthy body cells because its release helps

A) neurotransmitters to exit the cells.
B) glucose to enter the cells.
C) mitochondria to maintain cell temperature.
D) glycogen to exit the cells.

Question 29

Insulin is important for the helping body cells use glucose immediately, as well as for

A) regulating hunger pangs.
B) converting glucose to glycogen for short-term storage.
C) converting fat to glucose.
D) regulating the release of hormones that consume glucose.

Question 30

The body's reservoir for long-term storage of glucose is fat, also called

A) glycogen.
B) leptin.
C) glutamine.
D) lipid.

Question 31

Chemicals released into the bloodstream from one part of the body, then affecting another part of the body, are called

A) hormones.
B) neurotransmitters.
C) glycogens.
D) gonads.

Question 32

You are sitting in a lecture and you begin to feel the physical effects of hunger. The brain area that is integrating information about your energy stores is the

A) lateral geniculate nucleus.
B) arcuate nucleus.
C) nucleus accumbens.
D) lateral hypothalamus.

Question 33

Which hormone, secreted by fat cells, signals the arcuate nucleus about our energy stores?

A) Estrogen
B) Leptin
C) Endocannabinoid
D) Insulin

Question 34

Body mass index (BMI) is based on the ratio of

A) waist size to body height.
B) body weight to body height.
C) glycogen to glucose in the body.
D) muscle mass to fat mass.

Question 35

Based on your knowledge of dieting, which claim is inaccurate?

A) Eating a healthy breakfast every day may help control body weight.
B) A temporary change in eating habits will not result in a long-lasting reduction in body weight.
C) Only the Atkins diet shows evidence of significant, long-lasting reduction in body weight.
D) The only changes in behavior that result in safe, long-term weight loss are permanent changes in diet and exercise.

Question 36

Marijuana use temporarily increases appetite by simulating the effects of

A) estradiol.
B) endocannabinoids.
C) leptin.
D) glucose.

Question 37

Your friend is worrying you because she rarely eats and gets upset when you offer snacks to her while you watch TV. She is most likely suffering from

A) bulimia.
B) congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
C) androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS).
D) anorexia nervosa.

Question 38

What would likely be the most effective way for parents to help their teenage daughter, who suffers from anorexia nervosa, to continue her recovery after she leaves the hospital?

A) Insist that she eat a lot to gain weight
B) Ask her school dietitian to modify the lunch menu
C) Monitor their daughter constantly, insisting that she eat well
D) Observe their daughter but resist encouraging her to eat

Question 39

Which scenario describes someone suffering from bulimia?

A) Amy has stopped eating meals because she feels fat.
B) Cheryl begins a dangerously vigorous exercise program to lose weight.
C) Gwen feels guilty when she periodically gorges herself with her favorite ice cream, so she takes laxatives to avoid gaining weight.
D) Peter is addicted to sugar and has gained 30 pounds over the past six months.

Question 40

Though hormones do not dictate which sexual behaviors humans display, they do play a role in the motivation to have sex, also known as

A) vibrato.
B) castration.
C) coitus.
D) libido.

Question 41

The forceful expulsion of semen from the penis is called

A) intromission.
B) ejaculation.
C) copulation.
D) insemination.

Question 42

Which situation is likely to involve the least stereotyped sexual behavior?

A) Two wolves engage in a mating ritual.
B) Rats mate with one another in a science lab.
C) Students attend a sorority-fraternity mixer.
D) A female rat displays the lordosis posture.

Question 43

The general term for the reproductive organs that make either sperm or eggs is

A) gonads.
B) ovaries.
C) testes.
D) pituitaries.

Question 44

Male gonads are called _______ and female gonads are called _______.

A) testes; ovaries
B) ovaries; testes
C) testes; mammaries
D) scrotum; labia

Question 45

Androgens like testosterone are the main hormones produced by the

A) ovaries.
B) estrogens.
C) pineals.
D) testes.

Question 46

Which ovarian hormone plays an important role in reproductive behaviors and in the menstrual cycle?

A) Leptin
B) Cortisol
C) Progesterone
D) Prostaglandin

Question 47

Research shows that castration, or removal of the testes in male rodents, leads to a _______ in mounting behavior.

A) large increase
B) slight decrease
C) large decrease
D) slight increase

Question 48

In rodents, which statement about hormones and sexual behaviors is correct?

A) Androgens activate masculine behaviors in males; estrogens and progesterone activate feminine behaviors in females.
B) Testosterone activates female lordosis.
C) Estrogens activate male mounting.
D) Androgens control whether females will be receptive to a male's mount.

Question 49

A main difference between human and non-human animal sexual behavior is that

A) sexual behavior in humans is not activated by hormones.
B) humans are not concerned with pleasing their partners during sex.
C) humans display no variation in sexual position or behavior from bout to bout.
D) humans display a greater variety of sexual acts and positions than non-human animals.

Question 50

Alfred Kinsey's studies of human sexual behavior were criticized because he neglected to

A) ask males and females the same questions.
B) obtain a random sample of participants.
C) publish his results in books.
D) show that humans engage in a variety of sexual behaviors.

Question 51

Masters and Johnson were the first scientists to systematically study

A) the course of the human sexual response during sex.
B) the variety of sexual positions preferred by men and women.
C) the extent to which individuals were comfortable having sex in front of others.
D) how frequently humans engaged in sex.

Question 52

One of the most important findings from the Masters and Johnson studies was that men and women exhibited the same four successive phases of sexual arousal. In order, the phases are

A) pre-orgasm, orgasm, resolution, and recovery.
B) plateau, arousal, orgasm, and resolution.
C) arousal, orgasm, plateau, and recovery.
D) arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Question 53

A main difference between the sexual arousal patterns of men and women is that

A) women cannot experience multiple orgasms.
B) most men experience a refractory period after orgasm.
C) most women experience a refractory period after orgasm.
D) men can experience multiple orgasms before resolution.

Question 54

The time following a male orgasm, during which stimulation cannot produce an erection, was described by Masters and Johnson as

A) the post-resolution period.
B) the post-coital phase.
C) the refractory period.
D) intromission.

Question 55

Refer to the graph below.
The graph presents results of a study in which men and women were approached by a stranger of the opposite sex and asked one of the questions shown. Based on this graph, how do men and women differ in terms of sexual interest?

A) Men seem to be more willing than women to have casual sex.
B) An equal number of men and women were willing to go to the stranger's apartment.
C) Men are much less likely to take the stranger's sexual advances seriously.
D) Women are much more likely to agree to engage in sexual relations after the first date.

Question 56

Menopause is the time in a woman's life, usually around age 50, when

A) she reaches her sexual peak.
B) her menstrual periods stop.
C) her body is more receptive to hormone replacement therapy.
D) her dominant hormones change from estrogens to androgens.

Question 57

The most accurate conclusion one can draw from research on hormones and human libido is that

A) testosterone dictates exactly how often members of both sexes seek sexual gratification.
B) variations in libido in men are a function of differences in the levels of circulating testosterone.
C) though androgens play some role in libido, social influences also play a role.
D) libido is directly related to the level of testosterone present in the fetus during gestation.

Question 58

Early in gestation, all embryos exhibit a pair of sexual organs that look unformed and resemble a mix of testes and ovaries. These are called

A) primordial gonads.
B) stem organs.
C) indifferent gonads.
D) differentiated gonads.

Question 59

Sexual differentiation, or the process in fetal development of forming either male or female reproductive structures, is controlled by

A) the hormones produced by the gonads.
B) the X chromosome(s) inherited by the fetus.
C) the mother's eating habits.
D) the amount of estrogen present in the mother's uterus.

Question 60

All of the following statements are valid conclusions from Baby X studies except:

A) Adults look more at the faces of baby girls and encourage more physical activity with baby boys because the babies seem to prefer those stereotypical behaviors.
B) Adults are more likely to offer boy-typical toys to babies whom they believe to be boys, and girl-typical toys to babies whom they believe to be girls.
C) If adults believe a baby is a boy, they spend more time actively moving the baby around and encouraging active behavior.
D) If adults believe a baby is a girl, they spend more time talking to the baby.

Question 61

Sex assignment happens at birth, but children typically develop an early gender identity by the time they are _______ years of age.

A) 3-4
B) 5-6
C) 8-10
D) 12-13

Question 62

When his mother returns from the hairdresser with a very short haircut, a two-year-old calls her "Daddy." The child has not yet developed the concept of

A) homeostasis.
B) gender identity.
C) gender constancy.
D) gender assignment.

Question 63

Sometimes in genetic females, the adrenal glands grow too large and secrete more testosterone than is normal for a girl. In extreme cases, these girls can be mistaken for boys at birth because of the effect of the testosterone on the development of genitals. This condition is called

A) androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS).
B) adrenal dysmorphia.
C) body dysmorphia.
D) congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

Question 64

Your roommate confides in you that though her external sex characteristics are female, she does not have ovaries and will not be able to have children. It is most likely that she has

A) androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS).
B) underdeveloped gender identity.
C) ovarian cancer.
D) congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

Question 65

According to the organizational hypothesis, the brain is permanently masculinized by exposure to

A) physically strong male family members during infancy.
B) androgens during development.
C) estrogens during development.
D) a high-protein diet during development.

Question 66

In a class debate, you argue that permanent sexual behaviors are fixed in humans as a result of early androgen exposure. Which of the following supports a strong counter argument?

A) The sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in male rats is six times larger than that in females.
B) Females receiving testosterone injections during the sensitive period develop more stereotypically male behaviors.
C) Though girls are not affected by testosterone to the degree that boys are, girls will generally play with traditionally boys' toys until around age four.
D) Though organization of sexual behaviors may be caused by early testosterone exposure, there are also strong cultural influences on human behavior.

Question 67

Sexual orientation is the

A) formation of a person's sexual identity.
B) formation of a person's gender identity.
C) organization of the sexual behaviors of a person's peers.
D) direction of a person's sexual interest.

Question 68

Bob and Tim have male and female friends in common. Bob is _______ because he is attracted only to women, whereas Tim is _______ because he is attracted only to men.

A) heterosexual; homosexual
B) homosexual; heterosexual
C) bisexual; homosexual
D) heterosexual; bisexual

Question 69

According to the fraternal birth order effect, which of the following is the most likely to be homosexual?

A) Brett, the first born of five male children
B) Geoff, the last born of five male children
C) Esther, the first born of two female children
D) Lisa, the last born of five female children

Question 70

The orientation events that many colleges offer are designed to help first-year students adapt to their new environment by appealing to the general human need for

A) power.
B) affiliation.
C) recognition.
D) independence.

Question 71

Which statement is most consistent with research on the need for affiliation?

A) Forcing a bully and his or her victim to interact eventually eases the tension between the two.
B) People are the most honest with those who are closest to them, especially spouses.
C) Being excluded from a group is painful, even for people with a low need for affiliation.
D) People experiencing stress often demonstrate the need for affiliation.

Question 72

Which field of psychology involves the study of factors affecting performance in the workplace?

A) Hawthorne studies
B) Evolutionary psychology
C) Industrial and organizational psychology (I/O)
D) Developmental psychology

Question 73

A good manager will be able to balance the needs of employees who try to dominate others out of a need for _______ and employees who want to form social bonds out of a need for _______.

A) power; affiliation
B) affiliation; achievement
C) power; projective tests
D) achievement; power

Question 74

Imagine that you are tasked with exploring ways to improve worker productivity at a local business. Which of the following is the best way to avoid the Hawthorne effect? (Assume the employees have consented to being observed.)

A) Make your presence known to the employees every day.
B) Tell employees that they may be observed while working, but do not actually observe them.
C) Use hidden cameras, microphones, or other unseen devices to monitor productivity.
D) Tell the workers that you will be evaluating their productivity, and any poor performance will be flagged.

Question 75

The constant, balanced internal environment called _______ requires the presence of various internal motivating factors.

Question 76

As you eat your favorite dessert, it is very likely that the neurotransmitter _______ is stimulating your nucleus accumbens.

Question 77

Reaching the peak of a career you love after pouring your heart and soul into your work best demonstrates the _______ level in Maslow's hierarchy of human needs.

Question 78

The _______ is the area of your brain that helps regulate your body weight set point by reducing your appetite after you've eaten a meal.

Question 79

When ingested via food, the simple sugar glucose provides immediate energy to the brain and body, but without the hormone _______, the body cannot use this glucose.

Question 80

Though research with mice raised scientists' hopes that human obesity could be prevented by injections of the hormone _______, later research showed that virtually all people who are obese actually have as much or more of this hormone than non-obese people.