Deck 11: Aging and the Cardiopulmonary System

Question 1

What change in DLCO is expected over the course of adult life?

A) It will decrease by 20%
B) It will decrease by 5%
C) It will decrease by 30%
D) It will decreaase by 40%

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What changes can be expected in arterial venous oxygen content difference C(a-v)O₂ with aging?

A) It decreases with age
B) It is not affected by aging
C) It remains constant until age 60 then increases
D) It remains constant until age 30 then increases

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What changes would be expected in RV,VC and TLC with aging?

A) RV will increase, VC will decrease, and TLC will remain constant
B) RV and TLC will increase while VC will decrease
C) RV will decrease, VC and TLC will remain constant
D) VC and TLC will decrease while RV remains constant

Answer 3

A

Question 4

After what age do the alveoli start to progressively deteriorate and enlarge?

A) 30 years
B) 40 years
C) 50 years
D) 60 years

Question 5

What of the following is one of the most prominent physiologic changes associated with aging?

A) reduced airflow expulsion
B) decreased PaCO?
C) increased D_LCO
D) decreased alveolar deadspace ventilation

Question 6

Which of the following factors may predispose the elderly to anemia?
I)Replacement of red bone marrow in long bones with fatty marrow
II)GI atrophy
III)GI bleeding
Iv)Insufficient income to purchase nutritious food

A) I, II, III, and IV
B) I and III only
C) I, II, and III only
D) II and III only

Question 7

With aging,what changes are seen in the elastic recoil and compliance of the lungs?

A) elastic recoil decreases and lung compliance increases
B) elastic recoil increase and lung compliance decreases
C) both will decrease
D) both will increase

Question 8

What change can be expected in alveolar deadspace ventilation throughout adult life?

A) It increases1mL/year
B) It increases 10 mL/year
C) It increases 0.1 L/year
D) It decreases 2 mL/year

Question 9

By what age is the growth and development of the lungs complete?

A) 20 years
B) 12 years
C) 40 years
D) 4 years

Question 10

In women,how much does the VC decrease per year?

A) 20 mL/year
B) 10 mL/year
C) 40 mL/year
D) 50 mL/year

Question 11

After age 20,how much does the FEV₁ decrease for males?

A) 30 mL/year
B) 20 mL/year
C) 40 mL/year
D) 50 mL/year

Question 12

Approximately how many people living in the United States are 65 years of age or older?

A) 40 million +
B) 30 million +
C) 20 million+
D) 10 million +

Question 13

With aging,what changes can be expected in the costal cartilages and thoracic compliance?

A) costal cartilages calcify causing a downward slant of the ribs making the thorax less compliant
B) costal cartilages become more compliant causing the thorax to become more compliant
C) the costal cartilages remain unchanged but the thoracic compliance increases
D) the costal cartilages remain unchanged but the thoracic compliance will decrease

Question 14

What effect does aging have on PaCO₂ in the healthy adult?

A) PaCO₂ remains constant throughout adult life
B) It decreases 2 mmHg per year after age 45
C) It increases 2 mmHg per year after age 45
D) It decreases until age 75 then levels off.

Question 15

During exertion,how does the body compensate for the decreased compliance of the respiratory system associated with aging?

A) increase the respiratory frequency
B) increase the tidal volume
C) decrease the respiratory frequency
D) decrease the tidal volume

Question 16

By age 70,how much does the VC generally decrease?

A) 40-50%
B) 10-20%
C) 20-30%
D) 60-70%

Question 17

How does the work expenditure of a 60 year old to overcome static mechanical forces during normal breathing compare to that of a 20 year old?

A) The work expenditure of the 60 year old is 20% higher than the work expenditure of the 20 year old
B) The work expenditure is approximately equal
C) The work expenditure of the 60 year old is 200% greater than that of the 20 year old
D) The work expenditure of the 60 year old is only 80% of that of the 20 year old

Question 18

At what adult age does the PaO₂ generally start to decline?

A) 45 years
B) 55 years
C) 65 years
D) 75 years

Question 19

How is the ventilatory response to hypoxia affected in healthy men over age 65?

A) It is decreased >50%
B) It is decreased 40%
C) It is decreased 20%
D) It is decreased 10%

Question 20

By age 60,what is the approximate value for the RV/TLC ratio?

A) 35%
B) 20%
C) 50%
D) 65%

Question 21

How does aging affect the total peripheral vascular resistance?

A) It increases 1% per year
B) It increases 3% per year
C) It decreases 1% per year
D) it decreases 3% per year

Question 22

How is aerobic capacity affected by age?

A) It decreases 50% between age 20 and 80
B) It decreases 20% between age 20 and 80
C) It remains constant between age 20 and 80
D) It decreases 1% per year

Question 23

What percentage of the elderly population is affected by a decreased cough reflex?

A) 70%
B) 50%
C) 30%
D) 10%

Question 24

How is the ventilatory response to hypercapnia affected in healthy men over age 65?

A) It is decreased >40%
B) It is decreased 30%
C) It is decreased 20%
D) It is decreased 10%

Question 25

How is the work of the heart affected by aging?

A) It decreases 1% per year
B) It increases 1% per year
C) It decreases by 3% per year
D) It increases by 3% per year

Question 26

By what amount does the cardiac output decrease after age 20?

A) It decreases 1% per year
B) It decreases 3% per year
C) It decreases 2% per year
D) It decsreases 4% per year

Question 27

By what percent does the maximal oxygen uptake change between age 20 and age60?

A) It decreases by 35%
B) It increases by 35%
C) It decrease by 70%
D) It increases by 70%

Question 28

Which of the following contribute to elevated blood pressure in the elderly?
I)Increased total peripheral vascular resistance
II)Obesity
III)Sodium intake
IV)Stress

A) I, II, III, and IV
B) I and III only
C) I and II only
D) I, II and III only

Question 29

What is the maximum heart rate for a 70 year old?

A) 150 beats/min
B) 160 beats / minute
C) 140 beats/min
D) 180 beats/min

Question 30

How are stroke volume and stroke volume index affected by aging?

A) Both are diminished
B) Both are increased
C) The stroke volume decreases and the stroke index increases
D) The stroke index decreases and the stroke volume increases

Question 31

In the elderly,what effect does regular exercise have on resting heart rate,bone density,and blood pressure?

A) Heart rate and blood pressure will decrease; Bone density will increase
B) All three parameters will decrease
C) All three parameters will increase
D) Heart rate will remain stable; bone density will increase, and blood pressure will decrease

Question 32

Between age 30 and 80,what change occurs in the thickness of the left ventricle?

A) It increases by 25%
B) It decreases by 25%
C) It increases by 50%
D) It decreases by 50%