Deck 4: Research Methods

Question 1

What are the two main goals of science, including behavior analysis?

A) Save the world and understand the world
B) Understand the world and teach the world
C) Control the world and know the world

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to this textbook, the two main goals or values of science, including behavior analysis are to ______ the world and ______ the world.

A) make profit from
B) improve
C) understand
D) enjoy

Answer 2

B, C

Question 3

A measure of the participants behavior

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The variable the experimenter systematically manipulates to influence the participants behavior

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable

Question 5

For Dawn's smoking intervention the independent variable was

A) Self-reported cigarettes
B) Carbon monoxide analysis
C) How fast she could run
D) $ reinforcer
E) Sid's cooking dinner
F) Sid's complaints

Question 6

For Dawn's smoking intervention the dependent variable was

A) Self-reported cigarettes
B) Carbon monoxide analysis
C) How fast she could run
D) $ reinforcer
E) Sid's cooking dinner
F) Sid's complaints

Question 7

Juke provided smiles contingent on his grandfather's spontaneous remarks. What were the independent (IV) and dependent variables (DV)?

A) The DV was the contingent smiles and the IV was the spontaneous remarks
B) The DV was the spontaneous remarks and the IV was the contingent smiles
C) The DV was Juke and the IV was his grandfather
D) The IV was Juke and the DV was his grandfather

Question 8

The simple baseline design is better at ruling out confounding variables than is the case study that doesn't involve baseline.

Question 9

Dawn's CO readings are low, if she refrains from smoking. This is an example of a solid baseline.

Question 10

Sid got good results when he used BST to train interview skills with each of his students and each of the skills, i.e., he replicated the results of BST with several participants. This is an example of multiple baselines.

Question 11

Sid experiment using BST to train interview skills is an example of multiple baselines.

Question 12

Learning how to operate the lever and water dipper in a Skinner box is an example of an operational definition.

Question 13

Sid's undergrad research assistants got interobserver agreement, because he gave them operational definitions of good interview skills

Question 14

We should use social validity procedures to determine the acceptability of our interventions.

Question 15

Which research design will typically involve confounding variables?

A) Alternating treatments design
B) Changing criterion design
C) Case study
D) Simple baseline design

Question 16

Why might it be important to collect baseline data before implementing an intervention?

A) So you don't have to spend too much money on reinforcers.
B) To help ensure that your intervention is causes the change in the behavior.
C) Baseline data are crucial for social validity.

Question 17

Which of the following experimental designs is best for ruling out confounding variables?

A) Case study
B) Reversal
C) Simple baseline

Question 18

Sid assessed each of his students interview skills, before and then also after he did BST. This is an example of a..?

A) case study.
B) reversal design.
C) single-subject experimental design.
D) group experimental design.
E) control group.

Question 19

Scientist Sid not only gave Dawn money on the days when she didn't smoke but he also gave his loving wife hell when she did. He was..?

A) doing a multiple baseline design.
B) confounding his independent variables.
C) increasing the internal validity of his research.
D) using a treatment package.
E) using a reversal design

Question 20

Several students refused to participate in Sid's skill-training experiment, because they didn't want him to control their behavior, i.e., they didn't consider his experiment socially valid.

Question 21

Sid put the students who refused to participate in his skill-training experiment into his control group.

Question 22

What research design best allows us to see the differences in the performances among various participants?

A) Single-subject
B) Group

Question 23

The children weren't using color adjectives, when they didn't have to; so Mae's teacher started requiring them to do so when requesting reinforcers. Then they dropped that requirement. This is a..?

A) multiple baseline
B) reversal design.
C) social-validity check.
D) changing criterion design.

Question 24

What are the advantages of the alternating-treatments design?

A) The participant is the same during all treatments.
B) Experimental interactions can be ruled out.
C) The conditions of the treatment are essentially the same.
D) Single-participant data can be analyzed, rather than averaged data.

Question 25

Rudolph lever pressing is controlled by the water-reinforcement contingency. This operant conditioning is an example of a control condition.

Question 26

The wide range of applications of Skinner's Skinner box research is a good example of..?

A) internal validity.
B) external validity.
C) group experimental design.
D) lack of confounding variables.
E) a multiple-baseline design.

Question 27

If you confound the independent variables, you won't have internal validity.

Question 28

What are the goals of behavior analysis as a science?

A) Description
B) prediction
C) control
D) profit
E) Pleasure
F) world peace

Question 29

Because they did an experimental study, with a reversal design, Hart and Risley were able to demonstrate that the number of words mommies and daddies say to their pre-school kids determines their kid's vocabulary size and resulting success in school.

Question 30

Which type of research will best achieve all three goals of behavior analysis as a science?

A) Correlation
B) Experimentation

Question 31

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-The goals, procedures, and results of an intervention are socially acceptable to the client, the behavior analyst, and society.

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 32

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-An experimental design in which we reverse between intervention and baseline conditions to assess the effects of those conditions.

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 33

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-An experimental design in which the replications involve baselines of differing durations and interventions of differing starting times.

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 34

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-The phase of an experiment or intervention where the behavior is measured in the absence of an intervention.

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 35

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-Individuals serve as their own controls.

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 36

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-An experimental design in which the replications involve interventions with criteria of differing values.

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 37

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-Instructions, modeling, practice, and feedback

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 38

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-Lack of confounding variables.

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 39

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-A measure of the participant's behavior.

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 40

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-An explicit definition that makes it possible for two or more observers to identify the same behavior when it occurs

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 41

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-The behavior being measured, the dependent variable.

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 42

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-The variable the experimenter systematically manipulates to influence the dependent variable.

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 43

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-A separate group of individuals serves as the control for the experimental group.

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 44

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-The extent to which the conclusions of an experiment apply to a wide variety of conditions.

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 45

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-An experimental design in which the replications involve presenting different values of the independent variable in an alternating sequence under the same general conditions or in the same experimental phase, while measuring the same dependent variables.

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 46

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-Agreement between observations of two or more independent observers.

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 47

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-A condition not containing the presumed crucial value of the independent variable.

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 48

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-The addition or change of several independent variables at the same time to achieve a desired result, without testing the effects of each variable individually.

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 49

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-A group of participants exposed to the presumed crucial value of the independent variable.

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 50

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-Two or more independent variables have changed at the same time; so it is not possible to determine which of those variables caused the changes in the dependent variable

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 51

Match the following definitions with the terms below.
-A group of participants not exposed to the presumed crucial value of the independent variable.

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Baseline
D) Behavioral skills training
E) Multiple-baseline design
F) Operational definition
G) Interobserver agreement
H) Experimental group
I) Control group
J) Single-subject experimental design
K) Group experimental design
L) Social validity
M) Target behavior
N) Confounded variables
O) Internal validity
P) Treatment (intervention) package
Q) Reversal design
R) Changing criterion design
S) Alternating treatments design
T) Control condition
U) External validity

Question 52

Fill in the Blank

-Independent variable
$\bullet$ he variable the experimenter systematically ___________________
$\bullet$ to influence the ___________________ variable.

Question 53

Fill in the Blank

-Dependent variable
$\bullet$ A measure of the participant's ________________________.

Question 54

Fill in the Blank

-Baseline
$\bullet$ The phase of an experiment or intervention
$\bullet$ where the ______________________is measured
$\bullet$ in the ____________________ of an intervention.

Question 55

Fill in the Blank

-Behavioral skills training (BST)
$\bullet$ Instructions,
$\bullet$ _______________________,
$\bullet$ practice, and
$\bullet$ ____________________.

Question 56

Fill in the Blank

-Multiple-baseline design
$\bullet$ An experimental design
$\bullet$ in which the ____________________involve
$\bullet$ baselines of differing ______________________
$\bullet$ and interventions of differing ______________________times.

Question 57

Fill in the Blank

-Operational definition
$\bullet$ An explicit ___________________
$\bullet$ that makes it possible for two or more ___________________.
$\bullet$ to identify the same _______________ when it occurs.

Question 58

Fill in the Blank

-Interobserver agreement
$\bullet$ _____________________ between
$\bullet$ observations of
$\bullet$ two or more ____________________ observers.

Question 59

Fill in the Blank

-Experimental group
$\bullet$ A group of ____________________
$\bullet$ exposed to the presumed crucial value of the ___________________ variable.

Question 60

Fill in the Blank

-Control group
$\bullet$ A group of ______________________
$\bullet$ __________________ exposed to the presumed crucial value of the _______________ variable.

Question 61

Fill in the Blank

-Single-subject experimental design
$\bullet$ Individuals serve as their own _____________________.

Question 62

Fill in the Blank

-Group experimental design
$\bullet$ A separate group of individuals serves as the __________________for the experimental group.

Question 63

Fill in the Blank

-Social Validity
$\bullet$ The goals,
$\bullet$ procedures, and
$\bullet$ ____________________ of an intervention
$\bullet$ are socially ______________________to the client,
$\bullet$ the behavior analyst, and
$\bullet$ _____________________.

Question 64

Fill in the Blank

-Target Behavior
$\bullet$ The behavior being measured,
$\bullet$ the ____________________ variable.

Question 65

Fill in the Blank

-Confounded variables
$\bullet$ Two or more ____________________ variables have changed at the same time;
$\bullet$ so it is not possible to determine which of those variables caused the changes in the ____________________variable.

Question 66

Fill in the Blank

-Internal validity
$\bullet$ Lack of ____________________variables.

Question 67

Fill in the Blank

-Treatment (intervention) package
$\bullet$ The addition or change of several ____________________ variables
$\bullet$ at the same time
$\bullet$ to achieve a desired result.
$\bullet$ without testing the effects of each variable ______________________.

Question 68

Fill in the Blank

-Reversal design
$\bullet$ An experimental design
$\bullet$ in which we ____________________
$\bullet$ between intervention and ____________________conditions
$\bullet$ to assess the _______________________ of those conditions.

Question 69

Fill in the Blank

-Changing-criterion design
$\bullet$ An experimental design
$\bullet$ n which the _____________________ involve
$\bullet$ ________________ with criteria of differing _____________________.

Question 70

Fill in the Blank

-Alternating-treatments design
$\bullet$ An experimental design
$\bullet$ n which the ________________________ involve
$\bullet$ presenting different ______________________ of the independent variable
$\bullet$ in an _______________________sequence
$\bullet$ under the same general conditions
$\bullet$ or in the same experimental phase,
$\bullet$ while measuring the same ___________________variables.

Question 71

Fill in the Blank

-Control condition
$\bullet$ A condition __________________ containing the presumed crucial
$\bullet$ ___________________ of the independent variable.

Question 72

Fill in the Blank

-External validity
$\bullet$ The extent to which the _____________________ of an experiment
$\bullet$ apply to a wide variety of _____________________.

Question 73

Define the following terms:
-Independent variable

Question 74

Define the following terms:
-Dependent variable

Question 75

Define the following terms:
-Baseline

Question 76

Define the following terms:
-Behavioral skills training (BST)

Question 77

Define the following terms:
-Multiple baseline

Question 78

Define the following terms:
-Operational definition

Question 79

Define the following terms:
-Interobserver agreement

Question 80

Define the following terms:
-Experimenter group