Deck 7: Motivation

Question 1

These motivational theories assume that people seek to maintain optimal levels of arousal by actively changing their exposure to arousing stimuli:

A) psychoanalysis
B) humanistic theories
C) sociobiology
D) arousal theories
E) cognitive theories

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which type of achievement motivation directs a person to connect with others as his or her contribution is seen as beneficial to the members of a particular group or society in general?

A) collectivist instinct
B) anti-selfishness
C) drive
D) intrinsic motivation
E) collectivist-success motivation

Answer 2

E

Question 3

______ refers to a type of motivation that engages people in various activities for a particular reward.

A) Extrinsic motivation
B) Intrinsic motivation
C) Instinct
D) Drive
E) Collectivist-success motivation

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What is the term for the type of achievement motivation that affects one's attitudes and actions and is directed toward the attainment of personal goals?

A) self-actualization
B) collectivist-success motivation
C) instinct
D) individualist-success motivation
E) intrinsic motivation

Question 5

______ refers to an internal aroused condition that directs an organism to satisfy some physiological need.

A) Instinct
B) Drive
C) Self-actualization
D) Desire to act
E) Emotion

Question 6

What is the term for a relatively complex, inherited behavior pattern that is characteristic of a species?

A) instinct
B) drive
C) extrinsic motivation
D) intrinsic motivation
E) self-actualization

Question 7

_______ is a type of motivation that engages people in various activities for no apparent reward except the pleasure and satisfaction of the activity itself.

A) drive
B) intrinsic motivation
C) play instinct
D) childish behavior
E) irresponsibility

Question 8

What is the general psychological term for a motivated state caused by physiological deprivation (such as a lack of food, water, etc.)?

A) instinct
B) hope
C) need
D) drive
E) deprivation of action

Question 9

What is the term for a social need that directs people to strive constantly for excellence and success?

A) a fighter's mentality
B) extrinsic motivation
C) need for achievement
D) instinct
E) intrinsic motivation

Question 10

In humanistic theories, what is the name for an ultimate level of psychological development in which individuals strive to realize their uniquely human potential-to achieve anything they are capable of achieving?

A) progress
B) self-actualization
C) individual stability
D) status quo
E) financial security

Question 11

What is the term for a set of requirements, beliefs, symbols, and norms regarding sexuality and its expression?

A) sex culture
B) sexuality
C) sexual instincts
D) sex drive
E) sex taboo

Question 12

What is the label for a cultural syndrome of an Eastern culture manifested in persistence at achieving economic goals, social stability, encouragement of prudence and savings, and promoting loyalty and trust by emphasizing shame?

A) Aristotle's character
B) Napoleonic personality
C) Indian loyalty character
D) Confucian work dynamism
E) Japanese samurai syndrome

Question 13

Find the term that describes a person who tends to be engaged in activities that are naturally rewarding and not necessarily associated with material goals such as money, fame, or high social status.

A) Immaterial Personality
B) Rewarding Personality
C) Non-Status Personality
D) Autotelic Personality
E) Disassociated Personality

Question 14

An individual's romantic or sexual attraction to people of the opposite sex or gender is identified as:

A) homosexuality
B) heterosexuality
C) bisexuality
D) opposite sexuality
E) romantic sexuality

Question 15

A romantic or sexual attraction between persons of the same sex or gender is identified as:

A) heterosexuality
B) romantic sexuality
C) homosexuality
D) opposite sexuality
E) same self-sexuality

Question 16

Peak Experiences are periodic and profound episodes of:

A) anger, violence, and long-lasting frustration
B) success, such as winning a multi-million dollar prize in a lottery
C) happiness, optimism, inner harmony, and creativity.
D) pessimism, frustration, irritation, and sadness
E) anxiety, stress, and inner insecurity

Question 17

Evolutionary psychologists emphasize the importance of the _______ role of human sexuality.

A) unconscious
B) religious
C) political
D) moral
E) adaptive

Question 18

Numerous cross-cultural studies cite higher levels of aggression among _______ compared to other groups.

A) young females
B) mothers with children
C) young males
D) children under 12
E) infants

Question 19

A syndrome associated with a person's belief that life has cheated him and the only way to compensate for the sense of injustice is to inflict pain on somebody else is labeled:

A) "Herostratos syndrome"
B) "Socrates syndrome"
C) "Maslow syndrome"
D) "Jung syndrome"
E) "Freud Syndrome"

Question 20

The self-actualizing person's life is governed by the search for "being-values" (B-values) such as Truth, Goodness, Beauty, Wholeness, Justice, and Meaningfulness. This view is rooted in which of the following theories?

A) psychoanalysis
B) cognitive
C) sociobiology
D) humanistic or Maslow
E) social theories

Question 21

For years homosexuality was considered a mental illness in the United States. Is it still perceived as an illness today?

A) yes, it is
B) no it is not
C) yes in males, no in females
D) yes in females, no in males
E) yes, only in big cities

Question 22

It has been observed that individuals from various regions have different taste preferences. For example, individuals from Vietnam eat dog meat, while most North Americans would consider doing so unacceptable. What does this reveal to psychologists about the relationship between culture and eating habits?

A) the Vietnamese have a strange taste
B) the visitors are disrespectful
C) what is tasty and what is not is influenced by cultural practices
D) people shouldn't try strange foods
E) people are born with certain likes or dislikes for food

Question 23

Researching for his theory of self-actualization, Maslow collected a sample consisted primarily of ________.

A) Chinese and Japanese
B) African-American and European-American
C) Asian Hispanic
D) Europeans and European-Americans
E) Russian, French, and Hungarian

Question 24

Psychoanalysis is criticized by contemporary psychology for is tendency to overemphasize the power of the unconscious as well as the role of ___________.

A) desire to achieve one's best potential
B) inability to make own decisions without outside help
C) sexuality and aggressiveness
D) hunger and thirst
E) learning disabilities related to globalization

Question 25

The evolutionary approach to human motivation generally fails to explain the diversity of human motivation and overlooks the influence of ___________.

A) biological factors
B) individual choice and reason
C) age-related factors
D) gender-related factors
E) natural selection

Question 26

How could a high refusal rate affect the accuracy of surveys about sexual behavior?

A) the researcher will have not much time to finish survey
B) people who don't refuse to answer questions typically lie about their sexual behavior
C) the sample will not be representative: a researcher should include children in this survey, but this is impossible
D) the sample will not be representative: most answers in such surveys are received from people who don't hold traditional views on sex
E) high refusal rates are not expected to affect the average of surveys

Question 27

Most visitors to Vietnam, when they try dog's meat say that it "wasn't tasty," "wasn't good," or "it was disgusting." Most Vietnamese, however, consider dog's meat tasty. What does this information suggest to psychologists?

A) the Vietnamese have a strange taste
B) the visitors are disrespectful
C) what is tasty and what is not is influenced by cultural practices
D) people shouldn't try strange foods
E) people are born with certain likes or dislikes for food

Question 28

More than a thousand men and women from six nations (Spain, Peru, Venezuela, the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States) completed questionnaires about their procrastination. Results of this study showed that ___________.

A) people from Europe tend to procrastinate less than people from other studied nations
B) people from Latin America tend to procrastinate less than people from other studied nations
C) people from Australia tend to procrastinate less than people from other studied nations
D) people from the United States tend to procrastinate less than people from other studied nations
E) no significant sex or nationality differences within or between nations

Question 29

The famous Stanford Marshmallow experiment was about studying:

A) hunger control
B) thirst
C) injustice
D) sleep deprivation
E) impulse gratification

Question 30

The Bobo Doll experiment showed that cross-culturally, children…

A) learn better when they study in groups
B) learn violence through imitation
C) learn better when they study in co-ed classes
D) memorize better when they engage in play
E) memorize better when they do not engage in play

Question 31

Carl Jung as one of the most prominent followers of the psychoanalytic tradition, was among the first psychologists to criticize the ethnocentric worldview of Western psychology.

Question 32

Maslow's theory of motivation suggests that lower-level motives cannot be activated until higher-level ones are satisfied.

Question 33

Jay is looking for a job only because he needs money. This job search is likely a "product" of his extrinsic motivation.

Question 34

Cross-culturally, individualism and achievement motivation are negatively correlated.

Question 35

Across cultures, boys score higher than girls on math and science tests.

Question 36

Research indicates that people in industrialized nations (ex. Japan, USA, Germany) have lower rates of achievement motivation than do individuals from non-industrialized countries.

Question 37

When people are continuously given highly salted foods, they develop a liking for excessive salt.

Question 38

Social needs are universal and direct human beings toward self-preservation. Biological needs direct people toward establishing and maintaining relationships.

Question 39

Today, in Western cultures, body thinness is a major aspect of the definition of attractiveness.

Question 40

Anorexia is a disorder that occurs only in Western countries.

Question 41

While kissing is a cross-cultural phenomenon, it is unknown in some regions of the world.

Question 42

According to the Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors men and women around the world experience similar sexual problems related to aging.

Question 43

Most recent studies show that the correlations between economic development of a nation and cultural syndromes do not exist.

Question 44

Significant empirical data suggest that individuals who grew up during a time of economic prosperity show an increasingly greater endorsement of egalitarian, harmony, and autonomy values.

Question 45

Authentic personality is associated with traits such as curiosity, purposeful behavior, and modesty.

Question 46

A large cross-national project revealed that no relationship exists between individual achievement motivation and economic growth.

Question 47

Research proves that aggression is always rooted in underlying frustration.

Question 48

Do incarceration rates provide an accurate picture of violent behavior across nations?

Question 49

How is premarital sex viewed in nontraditional cultural settings?

Question 50

What is Holy Anorexia?

Question 51

Along with some psychological factors that may predispose an individual to develop an eating disorder, there are several social factors contributing to the formation of a self-image of being obese, fat, and unattractive. What are these factors?

Question 52

While it has been shown that dangerous social conditions induce encouragement of violence for self-defense, it has also been observed that such tolerance produces a social climate permissive of such acts. This is an example of __________ causation.

Question 53

In what type of cultures is violence against women (such as wife-beating) significantly underreported?

Question 54

________ cultures endorse restrictive rules regarding the expression of sexuality among their members.

Question 55

Studies reveal that countries seeking increased population maintain a __________ stance toward homosexuality.

Question 56

In a large study, almost 30 percent of the respondents reported about their tendency to procrastinate. Half of them procrastinate for arousal reasons: they believe that they achieve better results when working under pressure. The other half are: _______________________

Question 57

Psychoanalysis was developed primarily within the social environment of which culture?

Question 58

Research shows that in Buddhist and Western societies may encourage two somewhat different types of motivation, namely "maximizing" and "satisfying." Explain both briefly.

Question 59

The evolutionary perspective of cross-cultural psychology maintains that men and women experience different types of jealousy. Briefly describe these differences.

Question 60

Provide one argument that supports the claim that Maslow's theory of self- actualization is not necessarily applicable across-cultures.

Question 61

Why should comparative pop-surveys on sexuality be treated with caution and skepticism? Refer to these survey's samples.

Question 62

Give examples of practices related to sexual behavior in non-traditional cultural settings.

Question 63

Describe how cultural norms regulate an individual's display of aggression.

Question 64

Describe psychoanalysis' key weaknesses from the standpoint of cross-cultural psychology.

Question 65

What is Confucian work dynamism? Could you suggest its analogies in the Western culture?

Question 66

Evolutionary psychologists emphasize the importance the adaptive role of human sexuality. Could you explain this role?

Question 67

According to researcher Li Yinhe, most gay men in China eventually choose to marry a woman. Why?

Question 68

Researching for his theory of self-actualization, Maslow collected a sample consisted primarily of_________.

A) Chinese and Japanese
B) African-American and European-American
C) Asian Hispanic
D) Europeans and European-Americans
E) Russian, French, and Hungarian

Question 69

What do psychologists call the type of achievement motivation that directs a person to connect with others as his or her contribution is seen as beneficial to the members of a particular group or society in general?

A) collectivist instinct
B) anti-selfishness
C) drive
D) Intrinsic motivation
E) collectivist-success motivation

Question 70

Most psychologists believe that, in general, achievement motivation is __________.

A) an inborn trait
B) learned during childhood
C) learned during adulthood
D) an instinct
E) an emotion, not motivation

Question 71

The environmental approach to human sexuality asserts that social and cultural factors contribute to the development of homosexuality more than any other factors. However, the ____________ approach asserts that homosexuality is primarily a function of biology.

A) learning
B) choice theory
C) medical
D) therapeutic
E) genetic

Question 72

The evolutionary approach to human motivation generally fails to explain the diversity of human motivation and overlooks the influence of ___________.

A) biological factors
B) individual choice and reason
C) age-related factors
D) gender-related factors
E) natural selection

Question 73

When people are continuously given highly salted foods, they develop a liking for excessive salt.

Question 74

Social needs are universal and direct human beings toward self-preservation. Biological needs direct people toward establishing and maintaining relationships.

Question 75

Today, in Western cultures, body thinness is a major aspect of the definition of attractiveness, which increases perceived femininity.

Question 76

In a large study, almost 30 percent of the respondents reported about their tendency to procrastinate. Half of them procrastinate for arousal reasons. They believe that they achieve better results when working under pressure. The other half is ____________________________.

Question 77

What is Holy Anorexia?