Deck 19: High Altitude and Its Effects on the Cardiopulmonary System

Question 1

In high altitude natives,where are high concentrations of myoglobin located?
I)Diaphragm
II)Myocardium
III)Pectoral muscles
IV)Adductor leg muscles

A) I, II, III, and IV
B) I only
C) II only
D) I and II only

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What of the following primarily controls the phenomenon of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction?

A) P_AO₂
B) P_aO₂
C) central chemoreceptors
D) baroreceptors

Answer 2

P_AO₂

Question 3

How do the VCs lowlanders who ascend to high altitudes compared to those born and raised at high altitudes?

A) The VCs of native high altitude residents remain larger
B) After 2-3 days, the VCs are the same size
C) After 2-3 weeks, the VCs are the same size
D) After 2-3 months, the VCs are the same size

Answer 3

A

Question 4

How is cardiac output and oxygen uptake affected by prolonged exposure to high altitudes?

A) Both are the same as at sea level
B) Both are increased
C) Both are slightly decreased
D) Cardiac output is increased but oxygen uptake is the same as at sea level

Question 5

For what duration do adaptive changes occur in the blood after ascent to high altitudes?

A) 6 weeks
B) 1 week
C) 48-72 hours
D) 12-24 hours

Question 6

What is the term for the body's compensatory responses to relocation to a high altitude from seal level?

A) acclimatization
B) adjustment
C) adaptation
D) accomodation

Question 7

After what duration at a high altitude will the peripheral chemoreceptors acclimate to the lower PO₂?

A) They do not acclimate to a decreased PaO₂
B) 12-24 hours
C) 24-48 hours
D) 48-72 hours

Question 8

What changes will occur in the VC and PEFR within 24 hours of ascent to a high altitude?

A) VC will decrease and PEFR will increase
B) PEFR will decrease and VC will increase
C) both will decrease
D) both will increase

Question 9

What is the acronym for the signals sent from the peripheral chemoreceptors to the medulla to increase ventilation ?

A) HVR
B) PBR
C) CBR
D) MBR

Question 10

What is the most prevalent acid-base abnormality among natives at high altitudes?

A) mild respiratory alkalosis
B) mild respiratory acidosis
C) mild metabolic acidois
D) mild metabolic alkalosis

Question 11

Which receptors are stimulated by the drop in PaO₂ that occurs when lowlanders travel to high altitudes?

A) peripheral chemoreceptors
B) central chemoreceptors
C) proprioceptors
D) baroreceptors

Question 12

Which of the following are true regarding high altitude natives compared to lowlanders?
I)Natives have a lower P₍A₋ₐ₎O₂
II)Natives have an increased DLCO
III)Natives have a lower PaO₂ at rest and exercise

A) I and II only
B) I only
C) II only
D) I, II, and III

Question 13

Which breathing pattern is often initially seen in lowlanders who ascend to high altitudes?

A) Cheyne-Stokes
B) Kussmaul's
C) Biot's
D) apneusis

Question 14

Which of the following simulates a continuous low barometric pressure environment?

A) hypoxicator
B) low flow oxygen system
C) negative pressure ventilator
D) cuirass

Question 15

What would the PıO₂ equal at the summit of Mount Everest where the PB is 253 mm Hg?

A) 43 mm Hg
B) 79 mm Hg
C) 100 mm Hg
D) 159 mm Hg

Question 16

To derive physiologic benefits from altitude training,for what duration must athletes be exposed to 2000-2500m?

A) more than 4 weeks
B) 14 days
C) 1 week
D) 12-24 hours

Question 17

In a healthy individual,how is ventilation and perfusion affected by high altitude exposure?

A) Both ventilation and pulmonary perfusion are increased
B) Only perfusion is increased
C) Only ventilation is increased
D) Ventilation is increased and pulmonary perfusion decreases slightly

Question 18

Which hormone is released from the kidneys in response to hypoxia?

A) erythropoietin
B) aldosterone
C) RHF
D) HVR

Question 19

What impact does initial high altitude exposure have on the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference?

A) It is increased
B) It is decreased
C) It is normal but will increase during exercise
D) It is not affected by changes in altitude

Question 20

What is the blood's adaptive response to low oxygen levels resulting from residing at high altitudes?

A) polycythemia
B) megacythemia
C) anemia
D) leukocytosis

Question 21

What cardiac change is associated with Monge's disease?

A) right ventricular hypertrophy
B) left ventricular hypertrophy
C) mitral valve stenosis
D) aortic valve stenosis

Question 22

Which abnormality is characterized by photophobia,ataxia,hallucinations and clouding of consciousness?

A) high altitude cerebral edema
B) high altitude pulmonary edema
C) acute mountain sickness
D) Monge's disease

Question 23

What is the best treatment for high altitude pulmonary edema?

A) rapid descent and oxygen therapy
B) oxygen therapy and rest
C) IV fluids and oxygen therapy
D) rest and IV fluids

Question 24

What is another name for Monge's disease?

A) chronic mountain sickness
B) acute mountain sickness
C) high altitude cerebral edema
D) high altitude pulmonary edema

Question 25

Following ascent by lowlanders to high altitudes,when do symptons of acute mountain sickness normally appear?

A) 6-12 hours
B) 12-24 hours
C) 1-6 hours
D) 24-36 hours