Deck 7: Analyzing Data When You Are Evaluating a Single Client

Question 1

While it is true that most evaluative studies are about groups of people, there are single-subject designs that measure:

A) several variables of many people
B) several variables for two groups
C) some variables for multiple groups
D) an outcome variable for a single person

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When single subject designs are used:

A) it is important to choose a target behavior for measuring the improvement only
B) it is important to choose a target behavior for measuring the reduction in the problematic target behaviors only
C) it is important to choose a target behavior for measuring the change irrespective of whether it is the reduction or increase in the target behavior that is sought
D) it is not important to choose a target behavior for measuring the change irrespective of whether it is the reduction or increase in the target behavior that is sought

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When you employ a specific treatment modality for a period of six weekly sessions, using a single-subject design, you will measure:

A) the client's attitude on the variable intended to be changed
B) the variable intended to be changed
C) the variable that is intended to be changed at the beginning of each assessment and treatment session in order to compare the measurements taken during the assessment period with the measurements taken through the treatment period
D) the variable intended to be changed only once throughout the treatment period

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In the limited AB single design:

A) in order to use the one-sample t Test to analyze your data you need to measure the client behavior at the nominal level
B) the one-sample t Test is used with interval level data to compare the one baseline score to the mean of the eight treatment scores
C) the two independent samples t Test is used to analyze the data belonging to a single client
D) many baseline scores at the nominal level are compared to six treatment scores

Question 5

The classic AB design:

A) measures a single client several times before treatment begins and once during the treatment period
B) measures a single client several times before treatment begins and a different same client several times during the treatment period
C) measures a single client several times before treatment begins and the same client several times during the treatment period on the same dependent variable
D) measures a single client several times before treatment begins on the same dependent variable.

Question 6

When you measure a single client several times during the baseline period and several times during the first treatment period; and change the nature of your treatment and measure the client several times during this second treatment period, it is known as:

A) BCD design
B) ABA design
C) AAB design
D) ABC design

Question 7

In the ABAB design, there are:

A) three treatment phases and one baseline period
B) three baseline periods and one treatment phase
C) two treatment phases and two baseline phases
D) three treatment periods only

Question 8

In the ABC single-subject design:

A) there are three treatment periods in which two treatments are similar
B) a new treatment in addition to the first treatment or a new component is added to the first treatment in order to establish whether the first treatment was better than the baseline and whether the second treatment was better than the first treatment
C) the single measurement before treatment begins is followed by measuring the client several times during the second treatment period
D) a new treatment is added to the first treatment followed by a second baseline period

Question 9

When you are measuring one client repeatedly and you have a single baseline score and several treatment scores, in order to calculate the difference between the baseline and the treatment score you can employ:

A) binomial test
B) t Test for paired data
C) one-sample t Test
D) bivariate correlation

Question 10

When you use Excel to analyze data from a single subject design where you had only one baseline measurement:

A) you will enter the one baseline score as the threshold score and each of the treatment scores as posttest scores
B) you will enter each of the treatment scores as the threshold score
C) you will enter the one baseline score as the threshold score and each of the treatment scores as posttest scores and examine the values of t and p and the effect size
D) you will enter the first measurement score as the treatment score

Question 11

In the standard deviation approach to analyze data in single subject designs, the normal distribution is understood to have:

A) a chance zone that represents treatment scores not significantly different from baseline scores and this consists of scores that are within two standard deviations of the mean
B) a chance zone that represents treatment scores different from baseline scores
C) scores outside two standard deviations of the mean are inside the chance zone
D) when the data can be easily explained by chance, most scores will fall outside the chance zone

Question 12

In the upper two standard deviation approach, when you employ SPSS to compute the standard deviation of a set of scores, the way to determine whether your treatment mean is significantly better than the baseline mean is:

A) compute the baseline mean and the treatment mean. Double the standard deviation and add it or subtract it from your treatment mean to determine whether your treatment mean is significantly better than the baseline mean
B) compute the baseline mean and the treatment mean. Double the baseline mean and add it or subtract it from your treatment mean to determine whether your treatment mean is significantly better than the baseline mean
C) compute the baseline mean and the treatment mean. Double the treatment mean and add it or subtract it from your baseline mean to determine whether your treatment mean is significantly better than the baseline mean
D) compute the baseline mean and the treatment mean. Double the standard deviation and add it or subtract it (as indicated by the nature of the change desired in the outcome variable) from your baseline mean to determine whether your treatment mean is significantly better than the baseline mean

Question 13

When you present the findings from your analysis, using the standard deviation approach when you have several baseline scores and several treatment scores you will need to report:

A) the mean baseline score and the standard deviation of baseline scores
B) the mean treatment score and that your treatment mean must be lower than for the change in scores to be statistically significant
C) the mean baseline score, the standard deviation of baseline scores, and the mean treatment score
D) the mean baseline score and the mean treatment score

Question 14

One of the two cautions about using the standard deviation approach with the AB design is that:

A) this approach should not be used if the treatment scores are progressing in a way that indicates that the client is improving at a steady pace once the treatment is started
B) this approach should not be used if the baseline scores are progressing in a way that indicates that the client is improving at a steady pace even before the treatment is started
C) when the treatment scores are moving in the hypothesized direction at a level that would seem noteworthy
D) when the treatment scores are moving in the hypothesized direction

Question 15

When you employ the BC design, you engage in the same statistical analysis procedures as with the AB design, except that:

A) the first treatment line and the second treatment are treated as the treatment phases
B) the second treatment phase is treated as the baseline phase
C) the analysis answers the question of whether the first treatment is more effective than the second
D) the first treatment phase is treated as the baseline phase and the second treatment phase is treated as the treatment phase

Question 16

When an evaluative researcher begins the study with the AB design and adds a second treatment while continuing to measure client's behavior during the second treatment period, the researcher is employing:

A) the ABA design
B) the BCD design
C) the ABC design
D) the ACD design

Question 17

When you have measured your client six times before treatment begins, six times while giving the first treatment, and six times while giving the second treatment, while analyzing data:

A) you employ the same procedures as with the AB design
B) you will compare the first treatment phase to the baseline and then compare the second treatment phase to the first treatment phase
C) combine the AB analysis with the AC analysis
D) you employ the same procedures as with the ABAB design

Question 18

When you use binomial test for the AB Design and when the data are measured as a dichotomy the two factors that are important in the calculation of statistical significance are:

A) the sample size and the number of measurements during the baseline period
B) the rates of success and the size of the sample affect
C) similarities in the rates of success with a larger number of measurements
D) sample size and a smaller number of measurements

Question 19

Reporting the findings for the binomial test for dichotomous data with the AB design requires:

A) the number of favorable treatment recordings and the proportion of favorable treatment recordings
B) the number of favorable treatment recordings, the proportion of favorable treatment recordings, and the proportion of favorable baseline recordings
C) the number of favorable treatment recordings, the proportion of favorable treatment recordings, and the proportion of favorable baseline recordings
D) the number of favorable treatment recordings, the proportion of favorable treatment recordings, and the proportion of favorable baseline recordings along with the value of p when the binomial test has been applied

Question 20

When the binomial test is employed to compare the treatment recordings to the proportion of baseline recordings, the statistical question is:

A) whether the treatment recordings are significantly better than the baseline recordings
B) whether the treatment recordings were found to be simply different from the baseline recordings
C) whether the treatment recordings were found to be correlated with the baseline recordings
D) whether both the treatment recordings and the baseline recordings were from the same client

Question 21

In a single-system design, the baseline period in which the client is being measured before treatment begins is referred to as the treatment phase with the label A.

Question 22

When multiple treatments are used in the single-subject design, the first type of treatment is labeled A and the second treatment would be labeled as C and the third treatment would be labeled D and so forth.

Question 23

It is necessary for the number of measurements for the baseline and treatment periods to be equal.

Question 24

It is not possible to engage in any form of statistical analysis of data, by measuring a single client one time before treatment and one time at the end of treatment.

Question 25

The standard deviation approach, in the case of the AB single-subject design, analyzes whether the treatment scores are enough standard deviations better than the baseline scores to be significantly different.

Question 26

When you use the upper two standard deviation method, you are answering the question whether the treatment mean is at least two standard deviations different than the baseline mean.

Question 27

The standard deviation is a statistic that assumes independent data rather than paired data.

Question 28

Not all evaluative researchers have the luxury of measuring the client on the target behavior or problem before treatment begins. This weakness can be dealt with by measuring the client several times during the first treatment period, followed by a change in the treatment while continuing to measure the client's target behavior or problem repeatedly during the second treatment period.

Question 29

When you use binomial test for the AB Design and when the data are measured as a dichotomy the statistical question to be answered is whether the pattern of positive baseline recording is significantly different from the treatment pattern of positive recordings.

Question 30

The Standard deviation approach is an approach to the examination of data from the group design.

Question 31

Please explain the rationale that, when you employ the BC design you engage in the same statistical analysis procedures as with the AB design, with a minor exception.

Question 32

Please explain with example why the standard deviation approach would not be appropriate for analysis in certain situations involving the AB single-subject design.

Question 33

Please explain the relevance of ABC single-subject design.

Question 34

Please explain the process of testing the hypothesis that the treatment mean will be higher than the baseline mean, when using the AB design.

Question 35

Please explain with example how you will use the binomial test when you measure client behavior as a dichotomous variable in the AB design.