Deck 23: Memory

Question 1

The initial act of creating a new memory trace during the presentation of material occurs during which broad stage of learning and memory?

A) Storage
B) Encoding
C) Retrieval
D) Recovery
E) Competition

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Being given the first few letters of a target and then being asked to think of the word previously studied that fits that stem is an example of which type of memory test?

A) Free recall
B) Recognition
C) Cued-recall
D) Implicit association
E) Shadowing

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) are credited with proposing which model of memory?

A) Parallel distributed processing
B) Multistore
C) Multiple trace
D) Levels of processing
E) Unitary executive

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin's (1968) model, which activity is thought to increase the likelihood that an item is transferred from short-term to long-term memory?

A) Decay
B) Reconsolidation
C) Long-term depression
D) Rendition
E) Rehearsal

Question 5

Iconic memory is part of which component of Atkinson and Shiffrin's (1968) model of memory?

A) Sensory
B) Short-term
C) Long-term
D) Medium-term
E) Sketchpad

Question 6

Memory span is defined as the longest sequence of items recalled accurately at least what percentage of the time?

A) 100
B) 90
C) 75
D) 50
E) 25

Question 7

Who made famous the claim that short-term memory capacity is limited to "seven, plus or minus two"?

A) Ebbinghaus
B) Miller
C) Baddeley
D) Schacter
E) Lashley

Question 8

Chen and Cowan (2009) argued that, after controlling for two potential confounds, the capacity of short-term memory is about how many chunks?

A) 12
B) 9
C) 2
D) 7
E) 4

Question 9

Which of Baddeley and Hitch's (2007) proposed components can process information from any sensory modality?

A) Visuo-spatial sketchpad
B) Phonological loop
C) Central executive
D) Episodic buffer
E) Echoic pipeline

Question 10

Declarative memory is associated with all of the following, EXCEPT:

A) Implicit memory
B) Explicit memory
C) Conscious recollection
D) Long-term memory
E) Personal experiences and general knowledge

Question 11

Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000) found that autobiographical memories reflect THIS of the rememberer:

A) Intelligence
B) Memory capacity
C) Personality
D) Conscientiousness
E) Attention capacity

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT true?

A) Skill learning occurs on a slower timescale than priming
B) Priming is a form of declarative memory
C) Skill learning generalises to other stimuli
D) Priming involves learning tied to specific stimuli
E) Priming is associated with reduced levels of brain activity

Question 13

Categorical clustering is registered on which type of memory test?

A) Implicit association
B) Cued recall
C) Recognition
D) Free recall
E) Shadowing

Question 14

Providing participants with which of the following led to a doubling of the information recalled about a passage in Bransford and Johnson's (1972) study?

A) A short delay between reading the passage and testing
B) A long delay between reading the passage and testing
C) A relevant schema
D) A chance to diagram the elements of the passage
E) Proper names for the characters involved in the passage

Question 15

Bartlett (1932) identified which tendency that can result in errors conforming to the cultural expectations of the rememberer?

A) Rationalisation
B) Catharsis
C) Abreaction
D) Parapraxis
E) Repression

Question 16

Ebbinghaus (1885/1913) used which measure to index his forgetting over time?

A) Functional MRI
B) Eye movements
C) Savings during relearning
D) Priming
E) Free association reaction time

Question 17

Forgetting some of one's first language when acquiring a second one is due to:

A) Spreading deactivation
B) Proactive interference
C) Diffusion
D) Retroactive interference
E) Contextual drift

Question 18

Which particular sample did Godden and Baddeley (1975) study in their research of the encoding specificity principle?

A) Taxi drivers
B) Divers
C) Doctors
D) Nursers
E) Vets

Question 19

Which type of validity most directly addresses the extent to which laboratory findings apply to the real world?

A) Test-retest
B) Convergent
C) Concurrent
D) Construct
E) Ecological

Question 20

What is the saying-is-believing effect?

A) Believing the version of an event we describe
B) Tailoring our accounts of events to our own pre-conceived beliefs
C) We tailor what we say about an event to suit a given audience and this can distort our subsequent memory for that event
D) Believing everything we are told by others
E) Convincing ourselves something is accurate by repeatedly saying it

Question 21

Most specifically, the cross-race effect describes the finding that:

A) Recognition memory for same-race faces is more accurate than for other-race faces
B) Event memory is influenced by what the observer expects to see
C) Eyewitnesses pay more attention to the presence of a weapon involved in a crime when the perpetrator is of another race
D) Juries tend to deemphasise the testimony of witnesses of another race
E) Participants tend to be faster to associate positive attributes with individuals from the same race

Question 22

Mansour et al. (2019) evidenced a weapon focus effect using THIS to show that we attend to any unexpected stimulus and this can impair memory for other aspects of the situation:

A) A water pistol
B) A gun
C) An artificial flamingo
D) A giant pineapple
E) A toy giraffe