Deck 19: Self-Concept

Question 1

Baumeister and Bushman (2009) argued that the self has how many basic aspects?

A) Four
B) Five
C) Three
D) Two
E) One

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What term did Cooley (1902) use to convey the notion that our self-concept reflects other people's evaluations?

A) Looking-glass self
B) Existential self
C) Categorical self
D) Ideal self
E) Projected self

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to William James's (1890) conception of the self:

A) "Me" and "I" are distinct but develop simultaneously
B) "Me" develops before "I"
C) "I" develops before "me"
D) "Me" and "I" are two names for the exact same concept
E) None of these

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Between 21 and 24 months of age, 70% of infants showed evidence of which developmental milestone?

A) Rooting reflex
B) Stranger shyness
C) Babinski reflex
D) Self-recognition
E) Self-presentation

Question 5

Which technique was introduced to test self-recognition?

A) The self-survey
B) The mirror test
C) A projective self-test
D) The Q-sort technique
E) A brain scan for processing of the self

Question 6

Howe and Courage (1997) argued that the initial development of a sense of self is crucial in the emergence of:

A) Identity diffusion
B) Object permanence
C) Joint attention
D) Gaze-following
E) Autobiographical memory

Question 7

What did Mitchell et al. (2020) find out was a key influence on current and future psychological well-being?

A) High self-esteem
B) Causal coherence
C) Thematic coherence
D) Positive self-regard
E) Positive others regard

Question 8

Which of the following do younger children tend to leave out of their autobiographical memories?

A) Thoughts
B) Desires
C) Identity
D) All of these
E) Personal growth

Question 9

What did Tanti et al. (2008) find about self-descriptions?

A) The individual and collective selves were more prominent in the older groups, whereas the relational self became less so.
B) The relational and individual selves were more prominent in the older groups, whereas the collective self became less so.
C) The relational and collective selves were more prominent in the older groups, whereas the individual self became less so.
D) The relational self became the most important aspect in the older groups.
E) The collective self became the most important aspect in the older groups.

Question 10

According to Vazire (2010) which of these statements best reflects our knowledge of the self?

A) We know ourselves better than others for observable and evaluative traits.
B) We know ourselves less well than others for observable and evaluative traits.
C) We know ourselves better than others do for observable traits but less well than others for evaluative traits.
D) We know ourselves better than others do for evaluative traits but less well than others for observable traits.
E) There is no difference between the individual and others in their knowledge of the person.

Question 11

The better-than-average effect is:

A) Stronger for abilities and weaker for personality
B) Equally for both personality and abilities
C) Difficult to distinguish whether it is stronger for personality or abilities
D) Stronger for personality traits and weaker for abilities
E) Is equally strong across multiple aspects of self.

Question 12

Bollich et al. (2015) found individuals whose self-concept was more positive than indicated by friends' ratings described themselves as:

A) Negatively biased
B) Positively biased
C) Unbiased
D) Accurate
E) Lacking confidence in their assessments of themselves

Question 13

Cross and Madsen (1997) argued that, compared to men, women in the United States are thought to construct and maintain more of which type of self-construal?

A) Uniqueness-focused
B) Autonomous
C) Achievement-based
D) Self-determined
E) Interdependent

Question 14

What difference did Triandis et al. (1990) find on the Twenty Statements Test between individualistic and collectivist cultures?

A) More emphasis on the individual as a member of a social group or category among students from an individualistic culture than a collectivistic culture
B) Culture caused significant differences in self-descriptions
C) More emphasis on the individual as a member of a social group or category among students from a collectivistic culture than individualistic culture
D) Less emphasis on the individual as a member of a social group or category among students from a collectivistic culture than individualistic culture
E) No significant cultural differences in self-concept were found

Question 15

What did Berger and Krahé (2013) find about gender differences in self-concepts?

A) Significant gender differences do not exist
B) Negative attributes relate more to interdependence in men and independence in women
C) Negative attributes relate more to physical appearance in men and status in women
D) Negative attributes relate more to status in men and physical appearance in women
E) Negative attributes relate more to independence in men and interdependence in women

Question 16

According to McConnell (2011) how many selves did American students report?

A) 5.16
B) 4.23
C) 4.84
D) 4.06
E) 4.53

Question 17

What did Baumeister et al. (2003) find about effects of self-esteem?

A) Few benefits of high self-esteem
B) High benefits of high self-esteem
C) High costs of low self esteem
D) Low costs of low self-esteem
E) Limited effects of self-esteem

Question 18

According to Pass et al. (2010), unlike most of the men they studied, women's self-esteem was reduced specifically when rejected as a potential mate because of their:

A) Low wealth
B) Poor competence
C) Poor status
D) Low physical attractiveness
E) Occupation

Question 19

Kernis (2003) distinguished between which two forms of high self-esteem?

A) Individualistic and collectivistic
B) Inflated and robust
C) Endogenous and exogenous
D) Secure and fragile
E) Defensive and elementary

Question 20

Which key factor did Gebauer et al. (2015) link self-esteem to?

A) Social co-operation
B) Social dominance
C) Social intelligence
D) Social competence
E) Social sensitivity