Deck 15: Gender Inequality and Family Patterns

Question 1

In the 2016 census, families with two married parents and children at home represented what percentage of all families?

A) 11.9%
B) 34.1%
C) 51.9%
D) 71.9%
E) 91.9%

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Greater diversity across families has led to which change?

A) Greater reservations against premarital sex
B) More traditional beliefs about the family
C) Strengthened norms against divorce
D) Weakened norms against cohabitation
E) The growing importance of the family over individual autonomy

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which theory pertains to marriage timing and the need for men and women to position themselves in relation to the labour market?

A) Delayed gratification theory
B) Labour market segmentation theory
C) Career entry theory
D) Human capital theory
E) Functionalist theory

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is the new, important basis for union formation?

A) Common culture
B) Common ethnicity
C) Common religion
D) Common education
E) Common values

Question 5

What concept best describes the phenomenon of people forming unions with others of a similar level of education?

A) Ascriptive mating
B) Assortative mating
C) Assertive mating
D) Heterogenous mating
E) Superficial mating

Question 6

Which statement best describes the relationship between stable employment and the likelihood of marriage?

A) When men have stable employment, they are more likely to marry than women with the same level of employment.
B) The effect of employment on marriage is the same for men and women in countries with relatively egalitarian gender roles.
C) The effect of employment on marriage is the same for men and women in countries with relatively traditional gender roles.
D) When women have stable employment, they are less likely to get married because they do not require economic assistance.
E) There is no relationship between employment and marriage.

Question 7

Which of the following is true regarding studies investigating union dissolution?

A) Union disruption is more common with home ownership.
B) Employment difficulties reduce the risk of union dissolution.
C) Men with lower status are more likely to retain a stable partner.
D) Men with higher education are more likely to have their second child with the same partner.
E) Separations are more common for those with greater levels of education.

Question 8

The patterns of unions at age 30 suggest all but which of the following findings?

A) Higher human capital increases the propensity to union formation.
B) Higher education increases the likelihood to remain in a union.
C) Higher education increases the likelihood for a subsequent union.
D) Those who complete their education sooner are also more likely to cohabit or marry sooner.
E) Men with a university degree are more likely to be part of a couple whereas women with a university degree are less likely.

Question 9

When considering poverty rates in Canada in 2016, which of the following statements is true?

A) Low-income rates are higher for unattached persons than those who are attached.
B) Female lone-parent families have the highest poverty rates of all family groups.
C) Male lone-parent families have the highest poverty rates of all family groups.
D) Among one-earner couples, there are much lower rates of poverty when children are present.
E) The poverty rate was 21.2 percent for two-parent families with children.

Question 10

What does some of the gender inequality that we see in families derives from?

A) The relative disadvantage of women compared to men in a given family arrangement
B) Biological differences in capacity to labour
C) Motivational differences in the capacity to work for a wage
D) Psychological differences in what constitutes appropriate behaviour
E) Religious differences in suitable familial arrangements

Question 11

What kind of trend is evident when looking at gender and employment and gender and earnings over time?

A) Divergence
B) Emergence
C) Fractal
D) Convergence
E) Flat

Question 12

Which of the following accurately describes employment and earnings by gender?

A) A greater percentage of men are employed, but they work fewer hours than women.
B) A greater percentage of women are employed, but they work fewer hours than men.
C) A greater percentage of men are employed, and they work greater hours than women.
D) A greater percentage of women are employed, and they work greater hours than men.
E) An equal proportion of men and women are employed, and men work greater hours than women.

Question 13

Which of the following is not one of the four categories used with time-use surveys?

A) Paid work
B) Unpaid work
C) Forced work
D) Personal care
E) Leisure or free time

Question 14

According to tie-use surveys, when are men's average hours worked the highest?

A) When they have no children or spouse
B) When they have children but no spouse
C) When they have a spouse but no children
D) If they have children at home and they are married/cohabiting
E) Men's hours remain consistent regardless of children or marital status.

Question 15

What is the relationship between categories of employment and unpaid labour for men and women?

A) For men, unpaid labour doesn't change much with categories of employment.
B) For men, unpaid labour increases when they work full-time.
C) For men, unpaid labour decreases when they work full-time.
D) For women, unpaid labour decreases when they are not employed.
E) For women, unpaid labour increases when they work full-time.

Question 16

One way of measuring the variability in earning and caring is at the couple level. The most predominant model is the complementary traditional, where:

A) Men do more paid work and women do more unpaid work
B) Women do more unpaid work and at least as much paid work compared to men
C) Women do about the same amount of unpaid work as men
D) Men do more unpaid work and at least as much paid work compared to women
E) None of the above

Question 17

When measuring the variability of earning and caring at the couple level, which model is the predominant model?

A) Complementary traditional
B) Female double burden
C) Shared role model
D) Male double burden
E) Complementary gender-reversed

Question 18

In which model of the division of paid and unpaid work is average household income the highest?

A) Complementary traditional
B) Female double burden
C) Shared role model
D) Male double burden
E) Complementary gender-reversed

Question 19

In the past, family policy followed which model?

A) The breadwinner model
B) The two-income model
C) The segmented model
D) The human capital model
E) The complementary model

Question 20

Across family types, what type of parents are especially disadvantaged?

A) Dependent parents
B) Lone parents
C) Elderly parents
D) Parents in a civil union
E) Wealthy parents

Question 21

In 2016, same-sex couples comprised what percent of all couples in Canada?

A) 14.5%
B) 6.3%
C) 30.8%
D) 38.0%
E) 0.9%

Question 22

What factor(s) have come to be positively related to women's probability of getting married?

A) Higher income prospects
B) Completion of education and higher income prospects
C) Leaving the parental home
D) Insecurities in the labour market
E) Cohabitation

Question 23

Men have the highest employment rate when _______.

A) they are married or cohabitating
B) they complete education later in life
C) they are divorced
D) they do not have children
E) they work from home

Question 24

Table 15.3 shows that the poverty rates are highest for those who are _______.

A) not in union and not living with children
B) married with more than one child
C) attending school but have not completed education
D) 65 and older
E) married with no children

Question 25

Table 15.3 shows less evidence of the traditional pattern. What is this traditional pattern?

A) Men's labour force involvement is higher and women's lower when they are not married with children.
B) Both men and women's labour force involvement is higher when they are married with children.
C) Men's labour force involvement is higher and women's lower when they are married with children.
D) Women's labour force involvement is higher and men's lower when they are married with children.
E) Women's labour force involvement is higher and men's lower when they are married without children.

Question 26

Which are the most and least common models for the division of paid and unpaid work?

A) Complementary traditional and shared roles
B) Complementary gender-reversed and shared roles
C) Complementary traditional and complementary gender-reversed
D) Complementary gender-reversed and complementary traditional
E) Men's double burden and women's double burden

Question 27

There is higher dissolution of union among those with _______.

A) part-time employment
B) full-time employment
C) higher socio-economic status
D) lower socio-economic status
E) children

Question 28

Family policies typically follow the breadwinner model. What can these provisions promote?

A) Dependency
B) Independence
C) Unemployment
D) Entrance into the labour market
E) Union dissolution

Question 29

In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the extension of Canada's safety net would be particularly useful to whom?

A) Monopolies
B) The working poor
C) Middle-class families
D) Lone-parent families with children
E) Lone-parent families with no children

Question 30

In the view of the authors of this chapter, equality across gender would benefit from promoting a model of gender equity in _______.

A) the division of earning and caring
B) the division of part-time and full-time employment
C) taxes
D) pension-splitting
E) the workplace

Question 31

Exploitation cannot occur in families.

Question 32

In the 2016 census, families with two parents and children at home represented 34.1 percent of families.

Question 33

Besides the greater flexibility in entry and exit from relationships, we have seen a delay in family formation.

Question 34

Divorce statistics have been collected since 2008.

Question 35

Hou and Myles (2008) found that there has been an increase in educational heterogamy since 1970.

Question 36

Data from the 1990s shows that increased education is the main factor in the postponement of marriage in Canada.

Question 37

For people over the age of 40, those with more education are more likely to be in union.

Question 38

The income situation of older female lone parents did not improve over the period 1980-2000.

Question 39

There is evidence to suggest that for married or cohabiting women, employment rates are the same for those living with and without children at home.

Question 40

Poverty rates tend to be higher for those in relationships compared to those not in relationships.

Question 41

The differences in poverty rates between men and women who are married or cohabiting are small.

Question 42

Among the younger generations, the presence of dependent children has not impacted women's contribution to the couple's total paid worktime.

Question 43

When paid and unpaid work are added, the average total productive activity of women is much greater for women across all survey years.

Question 44

In dual-earner couples, the division of labour becomes more unequal as wives have higher incomes.

Question 45

Among persons working full-time, the average hours of childcare are lowest, and are most similar for men and women.

Question 46

The model whereby the man does more paid work and the woman does more unpaid work is called the complementary gender-reversed model.

Question 47

The complementary traditional model of the distribution of paid and unpaid labour is increasing in prevalence through time.

Question 48

Among families with children, over 50 percent are lone-parent.

Question 49

The focus of past family policy was on dealing with the loss of a breadwinner and supporting the elderly who were beyond working age.

Question 50

Income-splitting can promote dependency, especially for women.

Question 51

When considering cohabitation and divorce, there has been greater flexibility in the entry and exit from relationships.

Question 52

The age of women's first birth decreased from 29.4 years in 1959 to 23.2 in 2019.

Question 53

Although this was always the case with men, the completion of education and higher prospects of income have come to be positively related to women's probability of getting married.

Question 54

Those who end their education sooner are likely to cohabit or marry sooner.

Question 55

Parenting brings various life satisfactions; however, there are trade-offs between investing in reproduction and investing in one's own productive abilities.

Question 56

Stepfamilies are more likely to be financially stable because individuals who remarry have been seen to be more likely to have a higher income.

Question 57

The poverty rates are lowest, and the gender differences are small for persons who are married or cohabitating, with 4.7 percent of men and 4.8 percent of women below the LICO.

Question 58

Table 15.3 shows that the presence of children does not promote a stronger relationship to the labour force for either men and women.

Question 59

Inequalities are accentuated by the presence of young children.

Question 60

The breadwinner model can promote dependency, especially for men.

Question 61

What is assortative mating? How has this changed since the 1970s?

Question 62

Between men and women, who is the most likely to be living with children? How does this trend impact gender inequalities?

Question 63

What model has family policy followed in the past? What did this entail and how is this changing?

Question 64

What were some of the key aspects that were discussed in this chapter to promote a more egalitarian type of family, including greater common ground between men and women in family activities?

Question 65

Discuss how employment and earnings have been moving in a convergent direction by gender. Provide an example.

Question 66

How does value change in the family manifest itself in decisions to enter or leave relationships? How does this affect women? How does it vary by SES?

Question 67

How do employment rates vary by gender and family type? What impact do these trends have on earnings and gender inequality?

Question 68

What do time-use surveys tell us about who is performing caring activities in families? How is this trend changing over time?

Question 69

Discuss some of the key changes in family-related attitudes and behaviour.

Question 70

Discuss how educational attainment and marriage are related. What is Oppenheimer's (1988) theory of "career-entry"?

Question 71

How do you feel about "traditional" family values? How do your feelings differ from those of your parents?

Question 72

How much time do you spend on paid work and on unpaid work? How are the decisions made about this balance? How are they impacted by another person in your life?

Question 73

Why does education tend to promote equality in the household? Is it something to do with education itself or is it more related to characteristics associated with lacking education?

Question 74

Consider the social policies discussed in the final section of the chapter. What types of policies do you think would make an impact on gender equality in family lives?

Question 75

In your daily life, have you noticed any family-related changes in attitudes and behaviours over the past years?