Deck 14: Changing Gender Time Distributions in Domestic Duties: 1986-2015

Question 1

During the course of an average day in 1986, women were more likely than men to do what?

A) Do housework
B) Spend more time doing housework
C) Work outside of the home
D) Work online while doing housework
E) a and b are correct

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Comparing across 16 countries, Kan, Sullivan, and Gershuny, 2011 show that:

A) Men's domestic work time has stayed the same in the last decades.
B) Women's domestic work time has increased in the last several decades.
C) Men's domestic work time has increased in the last decades.
D) Women's domestic work time has stayed the same in the last several decades.
E) Men's domestic work time has decreased in the last decades.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What does the sociological concept of "social construction" teach us?

A) How social sciences explain human behaviour and gender forms
B) How the way things are conceptualized and then measured makes a difference
C) How being social helps us construct better relationships
D) How housework is created and divided between all members of the family
E) None of the above is correct

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The five main domains of housework include all of the following except:

A) Cooking
B) Cleaning
C) Shopping
D) Gardening
E) Maintenance

Question 5

Compared to decades ago, the organization of the Canadian labour force:

A) Has more married women working for pay
B) Has fewer married men working for pay
C) Has fewer single women working for pay
D) Has more married men working for pay
E) a and c are correct

Question 6

How might the changing structure of the workforce explain gender convergence?

A) The division of domestic duties between men and women may be impacted as a result of the increased number of men in paid work.
B) The division of domestic duties between men and women may be impacted as a result of the increased number of women in paid work.
C) The division of domestic duties between men and women may be impacted as a result of the decreasing number of women in paid work.
D) The division of domestic duties between men and women may be impacted as a result of the decreasing number of men in paid work.
E) a and b are correct

Question 7

What is not an example of how changes in culture can shape expectations of gender roles?

A) More women might feel empowered by the women's movement.
B) Women might come to expect that their male partners should share in more of the housework duties.
C) Egalitarian gender values might now be adopted by more men.
D) Men may have come increasingly to view housework as a shared obligation rather than only for women.
E) All of the above are correct

Question 8

What is one example in which changes in demography could impact the division of labour in a household?

A) Common-law couples becoming more prevalent might lead to couples being more likely to share domestic duties.
B) Traditional couples maintain their living arrangements with women doing maintenance work.
C) Fewer traditional couples might lead to couples breaking away from the notion that there are blue jobs and pink jobs in the household.
D) Common-law couples becoming more prevalent might lead to couples being less likely to share domestic duties.
E) a and c are correct

Question 9

According to research findings, how likely were men to do housework in 1986 compared to 2015?

A) 20% in 1986 and 80% in 2015
B) 95 % in 1986 and 34 % in 2015
C) 67% in 1986 and 85% in 2015
D) 58 % in 1986 and 99% in 2015
E) 45% in 1986 and 75 % in 2015

Question 10

Over the thirty-year interval, men reported ________.

A) doing more maintenance work at home
B) doing less maintenance work at home
C) doing more work around the house
D) doing less work around the house
E) b and c are correct

Question 11

Between the mid-1980s and 2015, how did the percentage of housework hours attributed to women change?

A) Increased from 60% to about 70%
B) Increased by 40% compared to men
C) Reduced from 60% to about 50%
D) Reduced from 70% to about 60%
E) They did not change at all

Question 12

In the past 30 years, what is the biggest percentage change in household activity in relation to gender convergence?

A) Women now report doing about 60% of the cooking, down from about 80% in 1986.
B) Men now report doing about 50% of the cleaning, up from about 20% in 1986.
C) Women now report doing about 45% of the maintenance, down from about 60% in 1986.
D) Men now report doing about 55% of the cleaning, up from about 10% in 1986.
E) a and c are correct

Question 13

When it comes to men and women's contribution to their families and hours devoted to their children, ________.

A) Men's time contribution has increased and women's has decreased.
B) Both men and women's time contribution has increased.
C) Men's time contribution has decreased and women's has increased.
D) Both men and women's time contribution has decreased.
E) Both men and women's time contribution has stayed the same.

Question 14

Changes in the structure of the labour force explain the newer gendered household time dynamics. For instance, which of the following is true?

A) On days when women worked outside the home for pay, their housework time drops significantly.
B) On days when men did not work outside the home for pay, their housework time increases significantly.
C) On days when women did not work outside the home for pay, their housework time drops significantly.
D) On days when men worked outside the home for pay, their housework time increases significantly.
E) a and b are correct

Question 15

What is referred to as the 'breadwinner'?

A) The spouse with the larger responsibility for household chores
B) The partner who brings in approximately 99% of the family income
C) The partner who brings in more than 60% of the family income
D) The spouse with a lower income but a better job
E) The partner who can afford to buy bread

Question 16

What percentage of couples have women earning 60% or more of the family income?

A) 50%
B) 20%
C) 70%
D) 5%
E) 10%

Question 17

What is meant by the idea of modern 'super mums'?

A) A woman who balances working from home, and household duties and child care
B) A woman who excels in a high-paying job while also contributing significantly to household duties and child care
C) A woman who excels in a high-paying job and becomes the breadwinner for the family
D) A woman who excels in a high-paying job and has more than 2 children
E) c and d are correct

Question 18

Which one is not a form of domestic labour being outsourced by Canadians?

A) Restaurant meals
B) Housecleaners
C) Eldercare
D) Gardening services
E) None of the above

Question 19

What changes have been reported amongst young single men?

A) They spend more time doing household chores.
B) They are more dependent on outsourced housework services.
C) They spend less time on domestic chores.
D) They look for ways to do less domestic work.
E) They rely on new technology, such as Roombas, to do their household chores.

Question 20

What is the major factor that has motivated changes in household responsibilities in couples?

A) The women's independence movement
B) The growth of common-law couples
C) A decrease in interest by men to be the breadwinners
D) The growth of dual-earner couples
E) Having a lower number of children

Question 21

According to the media, the COVID-19 pandemic had which of the following effects on gender convergence for housework participation?

A) For couples that shared housework and childcare responsibilities, it did not change much.
B) Housework and childcare responsibilities fell heavier on women.
C) Housework and childcare responsibilities fell heavier on men.
D) Housework and childcare responsibilities were heavier on both men and women and were equally shared.
E) It was a new possible beginning for a feminist outlook on gender convergence.

Question 22

What was reported by researchers in Iceland?

A) Women reported doing more of the "mental work" associated with running a household
B) Women were more responsible for family safety, security, and well-being compared to men
C) Women were more responsible for the oversight of hygiene and the purchasing of hand sanitizer and surgical masks
D) Women were more responsible for monitoring and training young children on proper mask-wearing and physical distancing compared to men
E) All of the above

Question 23

In what areas of housework participation are the patterns of gender convergence found in Canada?

A) Childcare
B) Cleaning
C) Cooking
D) All areas of housework
E) Only a and b are correct

Question 24

What are two essential aspects needed to make households function effectively?

A) Emotional and cognitive labour
B) An organized home and a high-earning breadwinner
C) Emotional balance and cognitive awareness
D) A modern approach to family life and a high-earning job
E) A feminist approach to gender convergence

Question 25

By 2015, both men and women participated equally in housework in most households.

Question 26

Over recent decades, international evidence shows parallel findings of gender convergence in the time women and men allocated to housework in Australia, the USA, and Canada.

Question 27

Nowadays, women sometimes receive more pay than men, even when doing work of equal value in many different fields.

Question 28

Female Canadian artists' artwork sells for less at auction than that of their male colleagues.

Question 29

While maintenance, both indoor and outdoor, is thought of as more of a 'pink' job, household cleaning is thought of as more of a 'blue' job.

Question 30

Cooking is traditionally understood as women's work and it may be less susceptible to gender convergence than cleaning.

Question 31

Part or all of the gender convergence in Canada could be explained by the changing structure of the workforce: there are fewer married men working for pay than in previous decades.

Question 32

When it comes to modifying the distribution of home labour, shifting values may be as important as or even more essential than changes in the organization of paid employment.

Question 33

The rise of common-law partnerships could be a major social driver behind gender convergence in domestic responsibilities.

Question 34

Over a thirty-year period, fewer men reported doing more housework.

Question 35

In thirty years, the change in the gender distribution of household work has been relatively symmetrical, with women doing less and men doing more in roughly similar quantities.

Question 36

Men now undertake less household maintenance and women do less shopping, roles that have changed over the last three decades.

Question 37

In 2015, over 80% of women and 90% of men were in the labour force, a sharp rise for women from 1986 and a small drop for men.

Question 38

In 2015, the labour force structure evolved to the point where dual-earning families became the exception, causing families to reorganize their domestic work.

Question 39

The breadwinner is traditionally defined as the partner who earns more than 85% of the family's income.

Question 40

According to the researchers, there was evidence of a trade-off for women in terms of their increased economic performance in the labour market causing their partner to contribute more to domestic tasks.

Question 41

A reason for gender convergence that may confuse our understanding is that outsourcing of services for housework is mostly for the benefit of men.

Question 42

Much of outsourced housework is done by men in low-paying jobs.

Question 43

The shifting household habits of young single men are particularly visible as the ideals of increased cleanliness and better diet influence everyone.

Question 44

When it comes to gendered contributions to housekeeping, there is little difference between married and common-law couples.

Question 45

Early research suggests that during the COVID-19 pandemic, women's share of childcare and other household responsibilities have only increased.

Question 46

There is evidence that the pandemic affected women and men differentially.

Question 47

More domestic work was done by Canadian heterosexual couples with children under the age of 18 after the pandemic compared to before the pandemic.

Question 48

The pandemic impacted the lives of women and men and their responsibilities at home equally.

Question 49

Even in traditional families focused on male patriarchal dominance, research demonstrates that women and men's contributions to household responsibilities have been convergent.

Question 50

What was the methodology used in this research and how was data collected?

Question 51

How have domestic responsibilities changed over time? Mention and describe two reasons for a decrease in women's housework.

Question 52

How has the outsourcing of housework services changed housework? Does it benefit men more than women? Explain how.

Question 53

What do emotional and cognitive labour refer to? How do they allow for a household to function effectively?

Question 54

What is gender convergence and what are three possible explanations for it in relation to the time allocated to domestic responsibilities?

Question 55

How have changes in the workforce affected gender convergence in the distribution of domestic responsibilities? What can be observed from households with female breadwinners?

Question 56

What effect has COVID-19 had on the gender distribution of domestic responsibilities? How have things changed (or not) for men and women?

Question 57

How have gender roles in the household changed over time? Can you see this happening in your household of the houssehold of someone you know?

Question 58

After seeing the changes from 1986 to 2015, what changes do you think have happened since 2015? If you think about the diversity found in Canada, how do you think cultural differences may affect how domestic chores are divided?

Question 59

How have you noticed the effect of the pandemic on the families around you? Have any roles changed in your or nearby households?