Deck 10: Immigration Pathways and Next Generation Outcomes: Caribbean and Filipino Children of Caregivers

Question 1

Which of the following is true for new immigrants to Canada?

A) They easily find work that matches their qualifications.
B) They end up in jobs where their qualifications are insufficient.
C) They end up in occupations where they are overqualified.
D) They are contracted to work in positions for which they are overqualified.
E) They find jobs where they are overpaid because they are overqualified.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Many immigrants accept living in precarious conditions in the hope of a 'better life.' What does this hope revolve around?

A) Finding better jobs with time
B) Going back to school to find work in the long term
C) Increasing their choices by moving to better neighbourhoods
D) That the next generation will benefit from good quality public education and upward social mobility
E) That the next generation will follow their own work and career path

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Every year, immigration adds _____ to Canada's population.

A) 1 %
B) 5%
C) 0.2%
D) 15%
E) 1.5%

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is not a category used by Canada to classify newcomers?

A) Family Class immigrants
B) Economic class immigrants
C) Business class immigrants
D) Refugee class immigrants
E) None of the above

Question 5

Which of the following is not a program within the Economic Class immigration classification?

A) Canadian Experience Class
B) Provincial Nominee Programs
C) Caregiver Programs
D) Federal skilled worker program
E) None of the above

Question 6

Which of the following is true about women who migrated to Canada from Europe to work as nannies?

A) They were granted permanent residency 3 months after arrival.
B) They were regarded as 'governesses' (connoting a higher status than caregivers or domestic workers).
C) They were regarded as future wives to Canadian men.
D) They had the same status as caregivers nowadays.
E) b and c are correct

Question 7

Caregivers are part of which of the following immigrant categories?

A) Family Class immigrants
B) Skilled worker immigrant
C) Economic class immigrants
D) Business class immigrants
E) Refugee class immigrants

Question 8

In the 20^th century, women travelled from Europe to Canada to:

A) Find a better life for future generations
B) Do temporary exchange work and go back home after a couple of years
C) Become governesses and future wives to Canadian men
D) Become caregivers and domestic workers
E) Travel through Canada as exchange students

Question 9

In the mid-1950s, the flow of caregivers started to change and the Canadian government introduced which of the following?

A) The Nanny and Governess Scheme
B) The West Indian Domestic Scheme
C) The Skilled Worker immigrant program
D) The Caregiver Program
E) The Temporary Employment Authorization Scheme

Question 10

What happened when European women who used to work as nannies went looking for better-paying jobs?

A) Canada signed bilateral agreements that permitted entry to Black women from the British West Indies, primarily from Jamaica, Trinidad, Barbados and Guyana.
B) The Temporary Employment Authorization Scheme was created to support women workers arriving from Europe.
C) Domestic caregiving became associated with immigrant women of colour.
D) Canada signed a bilateral agreement with the Philipines to allow for women to enter Canada to work as caregivers under the Skilled Worker immigrant program.
E) a and c are correct

Question 11

The Foreign Domestic Movement (FDM) was formed in 1981-1992. Which of the following is true regarding the FDM?

A) It was prompted by deteriorating working conditions, which were contested by several advocacy groups.
B) Domestic workers were required to live in their employers' homes for a period of 2 years.
C) Domestic workers could only apply for permanent residence after 2 years of employment.
D) Domestic workers under the FDM were not protected by the Human Rights Code.
E) All of the above

Question 12

The Live-in Caregiver Program (LCP) was different from the Foreign Domestic Movement (FDM) in which of the following ways?

A) Caregivers were required to work only in care work with the employer specified in their work permit.
B) Caregivers had limited access to social services, education, and union membership rights until they got their permanent resident status.
C) Caregivers could apply for a work permit after 24 months of work and eventually, they could be granted permanent residency.
D) The process to change jobs for caregivers was very difficult.
E) a and c are correct.

Question 13

Under the Live-in Caregiver Program (LCP), caregivers are at risk for all of the following except:

A) Their privacy being compromised
B) Not getting paid
C) Their hours of work being poorly defined
D) Being physically, sexually and emotionally abused
E) Not finding support in a union or other social services

Question 14

Which one of the following was a consequence for caregivers during the COVID-19 Lockdown periods?

A) Caregivers had no break from their workplaces.
B) Some caregivers were suddenly terminated and left without pay.
C) The Canadian government offered extra support to caregivers during the pandemic.
D) Caregivers were granted temporary resident status during the time of the pandemic.
E) a and b are correct

Question 15

From 2014 to 2019, the Caregiver Program underwent several changes, including which of the following?

A) Additional rights to social services and support
B) The addition of higher education levels
C) Minimal language requirements
D) Quotas that increased the number of people that entered the program
E) Reduced number of years for accessing permanent resident status

Question 16

Which one of the following factors is not an influence in the ways in which immigrants are integrated into Canadian economic and social structures?

A) Employment and occupational opportunities that decrease as the number of years since arrival increase
B) Newcomers' racialized identities, as well as the settlement and training services available to them
C) Place of settlement and education level
D) Age and gender
E) Social network and language fluency

Question 17

Studies have shown that adult immigrants in the skilled worker category earn how much compared to those who entered Canada in the Family Class?

A) On average 15 - 20 percent more
B) On average 15 - 25 percent less
C) On average 30 - 40 percent more
D) On average 20 - 30 percent more
E) On average 30 - 40 percent less

Question 18

A study found that the principal applicants in skilled worker categories ______.

A) earn less when they arrive, but their incomes also grow more rapidly over time.
B) earn more when they arrive and their income stays the same over time.
C) earn less when they arrive and their income grows very slowly over time.
D) earn more when they arrive, but their incomes also grow more rapidly over time.
E) earn less when they arrive and their income stays the same over time.

Question 19

In a study comparing parents who arrived under the Live-in Caregiver Program (LCP) and parents who arrived under other immigration programs, the results showed which of the following?

A) Approximately 51% of students whose parents had arrived under the LCP had been separated from their mother for 2 or more years.
B) Approximately 95% of students whose parents had arrived under the LCP had been separated from their mother for 2 or more years.
C) Approximately 95% of students whose parents had arrived under the LCP had been separated from their mother because they migrated elsewhere before migrating to Canada.
D) Approximately 51% of students whose parents had arrived under the LCP had been separated from their mother for less than 2 years.
E) Only 30% of students whose parents had arrived under the LCP had been separated from their mother for 2 or more years.

Question 20

In the study in Halton, a majority of the separations from children and their mothers who arrived under the LCP were ______.

A) for only two years.
B) for no more than three years.
C) for a minimum of six years.
D) for a minimum of eight years.
E) None of the above.

Question 21

All of the following are consequences of the separation experienced by children from their mothers who migrated to Canada under the LCP, except:

A) It's a very difficult experience for young children.
B) The relationship of trust and intimacy with their parents can be negatively affected.
C) Their parents' marriage might also be impacted.
D) Their education rates often decrease.
E) All of the above.

Question 22

According to the Halton study, all of the following are true about the students who had arrived through the LCP program, except:

A) They were more likely to be struggling at school.
B) In general, their English and math scores were worse than those of their non-LCP Filipino peers.
C) They were much less likely to be involved in extra-curricular activities at school.
D) Many more of the LCP students aspired to a university pathway rather than going to a community college, learning a trade or entering the workforce after high school.
E) Lower grades, combined with more severe financial situations at home, influenced their post-secondary goals.

Question 23

Many migrants face difficulties as a result of specific immigration programs. Which one of the following is not one of the challenges experienced by caregivers?

A) They are frequently cut off from whatever educational and professional opportunities they may have had in their own country.
B) They often find it challenging to find a home, even though they are formally employed.
C) The professional standing had in their country of origin may not be credited in Canada.
D) They are often separated from their families, having to leave their children behind.
E) Their experience in Canada has been solely as domestic caretakers, and possible future employers have classified them as such.

Question 24

Domestic workers and caregivers ______.

A) are stigmatized and locked into a type of work that is difficult to get out of.
B) become separated from whatever educational and professional standing they may have had in their country of origin.
C) face general racial discrimination in Canada.
D) often have limited social networks.
E) All of the above

Question 25

Given the current immigration programs in Canada, it could be accurate to say that:

A) Immigrant workers' children will endure the same racial prejudice and workplace stereotypes as their parents.
B) The promise of increasing social mobility for future generations in Canada will be unfulfilled.
C) The children of migrant workers have a greater chance to succeed than their parents did.
D) The children of migrant workers have the same chances to flourish as other Canadian children.
E) a and b are correct

Question 26

The pattern of upward mobility applies to all immigrant racialized groups equally.

Question 27

There is evidence that the immigration path taken by a parent or family to a new nation can influence their children's outcomes.

Question 28

The number of immigrants arriving in Canada has been decreasing in recent years-from 347,000 in 2017 to 307,000 in 2019.

Question 29

Applicants for the Canadian Experience Class are chosen based on their 'points' for education, language aptitude, and other characteristics.

Question 30

Provincial Nominee Programs allow provinces to determine their immigration requirements.

Question 31

After meeting certain employment standards, caregiver programs convert temporary workers into permanent residents.

Question 32

In the ten years between 2008 and 2017, economic immigrants accounted for 60.3 percent of all immigrants who came to Canada. These data only include principal applicants and do not include spouses and dependents.

Question 33

In the first half of the 20^th-century, women migrated to Canada from Europe to work as nannies, becoming immigrant labour and having limited access to education and other social services.

Question 34

Borders were particularly open for European populations as a consequence of discriminatory actions aimed at maintaining Canada's dominant characteristic as a primarily white settler state.

Question 35

The Temporary Employment Authorization Scheme replaced the West Indian Domestic Scheme between 1973 and 1981. As a result domestic worker employment, as well as immigration rules, became less rigorous.

Question 36

With the introduction of the Temporary Employment Authorization Scheme, immigration regulations became stricter, working conditions deteriorated, and a road to citizenship was no longer available.

Question 37

The Live-in Caregiver Program (LCP) was replaced by the FDM between 1993-2014.

Question 38

Caregivers who did not live in their employers' houses were sometimes abruptly fired, resulting in a loss of income.

Question 39

Various domestic workers' rights organizations have praised the Canadian government since the LCP began because caregivers now have access to political rights and are not working in precarious conditions anymore.

Question 40

During the period from 2014 to 2019, processing times to approve permanent residency applications often decreased dramatically.

Question 41

While numerous factors influence the settlement process, there is evidence that immigration policies don't have an impact on newcomers' employment success in Canada.

Question 42

In general, researchers find that immigrants chosen for their skills earn more money, but their participation in the labour market varies little among immigration categories.

Question 43

After finishing their 24-month term, Caribbean women who arrived through the FDM and previous schemes were typically appreciated by prospective employers, making it easier to obtain better-paying work.

Question 44

Because of workplace marginalization and racial discrimination, Black women have been pushed to the margins of the metropolitan labour market, regardless of their education or professional standing before immigrating to Canada.

Question 45

Students whose parents had arrived under the LCP often took longer to reunite with their mothers than the 2 years established time for the program. This is because they had joined a long line of candidates awaiting the Canadian government's approval of their permanent immigration applications.

Question 46

When women move to Canada under the LCP, they frequently find themselves trapped in long-term care work and comparable occupations.

Question 47

Only 16% of LCP mothers said their work did not match their level of education, according to the Halton survey.

Question 48

According to a poll, nearly one-third of LCP parents worked two or more jobs to supplement their income and sustain their families.

Question 49

When children join their mothers in Canada, they had frequently been separated for long periods of time, which can strengthen their family bonds.

Question 50

Domestic workers and caregivers are usually women of colour from the Global South, and their long history with certain types of employment has positioned them in specific vocational roles, as well as exposed them to racial prejudice in Canada.

Question 51

What was the reason for Canada to sign a bilateral agreement to allow entry to Black women from the British Indies into Canada? How long was the scheme in place and what were its consequences?

Question 52

What was the Foreign Domestic Movement (FDM)? How did it come about and what effects did it have on immigrant caregivers?

Question 53

How would you describe the Live-in Caregiver Program (LCP)? What obstacles did it present for migrant caregivers?

Question 54

What changes did the 'Home Child Care Provider Pilot' and the 'Home Support Worker Pilot' programs bring for caregivers? What challenges did they present?

Question 55

How does the experience of immigrant parents arriving in Canada affect their children? How are their education rates affected? What about the outcomes of the children of live-in caregivers?

Question 56

What are the three immigration categories that are used to classify immigrants in Canada? Describe each. How are the Federal Skilled Worker, Canadian Experience Class and Provincial Nominee Programs different? Where do caregiver immigrants fit in?

Question 57

How was a nanny's experience in the 20^th century different from a caregiver immigrant's today? How did the flow of caregivers change throughout the years, from the 20^th century until the formation of the Foreign Domestic Movement (FDM)?

Question 58

How would you describe the 'caregiver program'? How did it change over time? What were its limitations and benefits and how were caregivers affected by the COVID-19 pandemic?

Question 59

How are caregivers perceived differently from federal skilled workers? What are the reasons for caregivers to stay in certain kinds of jobs?

Question 60

What are the working conditions of Filipino caregivers under the LCP program? How does it affect their children and families?

Question 61

How has the perception of women who come as caregivers to Canada changed since the 20th century? How has this impacted their status and possibility to succeed in Canadian society?

Question 62

Consider the ways or programs through which immigrants arrive in Canada. How do these immigration pathways determine the status and positionality of multiple generations of immigrant families?

Question 63

Think of the story of Chantale. What aspects of her life kept her motivated to continue with her projects? What challenges did she face? Do you know any immigrant individuals or families? How are they affected by the current immigration system and their status?