Deck 17: Globalization and Immigration

Question 1

Which of the following is a premise in the Reduction of Suffering Argument?

A) If we can reduce the suffering of others at no cost to ourselves, then we are morally obligated to do so.
B) If we can reduce the suffering of others without incurring greater suffering on our part, then we are morally obligated to do so.
C) If we can reduce the suffering of others without incurring significant sacrifice on our part, then we are morally obligated to do so.
D) If we can reduce the suffering of others, we are morally obligated to do so, no matter the cost.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is a common objection to the Reduction of Suffering Argument?

A) Hardly anyone is wealthy enough to incur an obligation based on this argument.
B) This argument is too demanding. We need only do our fair share.
C) If we all acted in accordance with the argument, many people would still die preventable deaths.
D) None of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to the International Reparations Argument,

A) all countries in the world have some duty to repair the harms caused by past injustices.
B) if Country A has perpetrated extensive injustices against Country B, then B has a duty to A to repair the harms caused by those injustices.
C) most of the wealthiest countries in the West have a duty to repair the harms caused by past injustices.
D) All of the above

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Reparations "repair"

A) the harm done to those who have suffered a natural disaster.
B) harm done to those who have suffered from our injustice.
C) harm done to the perpetrators of injustice.
D) self-inflicted harm.

Question 5

As far as the International Reparations Argument says, which of the following could be an appropriate form of reparations?

A) Sending needed medical supplies
B) Direct monetary aid
C) Infrastructure support
D) All of the above

Question 6

How does the text respond to the objection that giving aid to distant strangers is often extremely wasteful and sometimes counter-productive?

A) This objection is legitimate, and it reduces our obligation to give.
B) This objection does not undermine our moral obligation to give because there are now reliable ways of being informed about the efficiency of aid organizations.
C) This objection is legitimate, but we should continue to give out of duty, despite the consequences of doing so.
D) It is not the place of donors to judge how aid recipients use the aid.

Question 7

According to the Utilitarian Argument, we are _______ morally required to provide famine relief.

A) not
B) always
C) sometimes
D) None of the above

Question 8

Garrett Hardin has raised the concern that if we spare the lives of famine victims by delivering life-sustaining aid, then they will procreate at an exponential rate. What is this effect called?

A) Relief effect
B) Ramp effect
C) Ratchet effect
D) Remedy effect

Question 9

According to the text, philosophers should conclude that the ratchet effect

A) can definitely be avoided.
B) can definitely not be avoided
C) must be researched by specialists in other areas.
D) is not a real effect.

Question 10

Which of the following is an objection to the International Reparations Argument discussed in the text?

A) Giving aid to distant strangers is often extremely wasteful and sometimes counter-productive.
B) This argument requires too much aid to be given to very wealthy countries.
C) Countries do not have duties to repair the harms they cause when they commit acts of injustice.
D) Very few wealthy countries have perpetrated extensive injustices against poorer countries.

Question 11

What is the conclusion of the Economics Argument?

A) Wealthier countries have an obligation to allow unrestricted immigration.
B) Wealthier countries have a right to restrict immigration.
C) Poorer countries have a right to restrict immigration.
D) Poorer countries have an obligation to allow unrestricted immigration.

Question 12

The Economics Argument relies on the notion that nations have a(n)

A) obligation to protect their economic interests.
B) obligation to protect global economic interests.
C) right to protect their political interests.
D) right to protect their economic interests.

Question 13

The Security Argument is motivated by the worry that

A) restrictive immigration policies make a country less secure.
B) restrictive immigration policies open the door to foreign terrorists.
C) permissive immigration policies make a country more secure.
D) permissive immigration policies open the door to foreign terrorists.

Question 14

Which of the following is a reason to doubt that restricting immigration is required to offer protection from dangerous attacks?

A) Countries have a right to deny entry to those it reasonably suspects of being dangerous.
B) Restricting immigration laws does not make a country less secure.
C) Very few foreign terrorists would be deterred by anti-immigration laws.
D) All of the above

Question 15

One premise of the National Self-Determination Argument is that the right to self-determination includes a right to

A) refuse to associate with others.
B) attack anyone who threatens you.
C) allow as many people into your country as your citizens want.
D) prohibit all imported goods.

Question 16

Which of the following is true of the right to self-determination?

A) Only the wealthy have it.
B) It includes a right to refuse the company of those you prefer to distance yourself from.
C) It is unlimited.
D) All of the above

Question 17

Which of these limitations applies to the right of freedom of movement?

A) Freedom of movement does not include the freedom to enter someone's home without their permission.
B) Freedom of movement does not include the freedom to attend a celebrity wedding without an invitation.
C) Freedom of movement does not include the freedom to attend a closed meeting at a company you do not work for.
D) All of the above

Question 18

Which of the following is a premise in the Anti-Luck Argument?

A) Nations are morally required to give everyone an equal chance at a good life if their poor prospects are due to bad luck (i.e., circumstances beyond their control).
B) Freedom to experience good luck is a human right, and so had by all humans.
C) States have a moral duty to protect their citizens against the effects of luck.
D) None of the above

Question 19

The conclusion of the Humanitarian-Aid Argument is that

A) states have a moral duty to restrict immigration.
B) states are morally permitted to restrict immigration.
C) nations have a right to close their borders to potential immigrants and others.
D) we are morally obligated to open our borders to immigrants.

Question 20

Which of the following is a possible non-economic cost associated with a liberal immigration policy?

A) An increase in technological progress
B) The emergence of more small businesses
C) The erosion of a national culture
D) A decline in bigotry and prejudice

Question 21

What is the strongest argument presented in this chapter that we have a moral obligation to provide aid to distant strangers? Explain the argument in your own words. What is the best available objection to this argument? Can that objection be satisfactorily responded to?

Question 22

Explain in your own words the "fair share" objection to the Reduction of Suffering Argument. Does this objection refute the argument? Why or why not?

Question 23

What is the strongest argument presented in this chapter for restrictive immigration policies? Explain the argument in your own words. What is the best available objection to this argument? Can that objection be satisfactorily responded to?

Question 24

Do you agree that nations are morally required to give everyone an equal chance at a good life if their poor prospects are due to bad luck? Do individual people have a version of this obligation? Should it make a moral difference whether someone's poor prospects are due to luck? Defend your answer.

Question 25

Compare and contrast the right to freedom of movement and the right to self-determination. What are reasonable limitations on these rights? Which one provides a stronger basis for an argument about immigration? Defend your answer.

Question 26

According to Singer, the morality of an action depends on the

A) consequences of the action.
B) intentions of the person performing the action.
C) moral character of the person performing the action.
D) All of the above

Question 27

Singer claims that refraining from giving money to charity is

A) bad, but not as bad as selling a child to organ peddlers.
B) just as bad as selling a child to organ peddlers.
C) even worse than selling a child to organ peddlers.
D) justified because everyone has a right to their own income.

Question 28

According to Singer, the case of Bob and the Bugatti shows that

A) people are sometimes required to make large sacrifices for their loved ones.
B) people are sometimes required to make large sacrifices for strangers.
C) no one is required to make large sacrifices for the good of others.
D) it is silly to become too attached to one's possessions.

Question 29

On Singer's view, if many people do not give any money to charity,

A) you cannot be blamed for behaving in the same way.
B) this shows that giving money to charity is not obligatory.
C) this has no impact on your obligation to give money to charity.
D) you may be required to give even more money to charity than if everyone were giving.

Question 30

According the Singer, which of the following is morally relevant?

A) Most of those suffering from extreme poverty are far away from me.
B) I don't personally know anyone suffering from extreme poverty.
C) If I donate money to poverty relief, I'll never know for sure exactly how it is spent.
D) None of the above

Question 31

Singer argues that since others aren't doing their fair share to alleviate poverty, you are

A) not obligated to do your fair share either.
B) still obligated to do your fair share.
C) obligated to do more than your fair share.
D) None of the above

Question 32

According to Singer, which is a morally relevant distinction between Bob and us?

A) Bob is the only one who can save the child, while others can help alleviate poverty.
B) Bob is in a position to know that he can save a child, while we are not.
C) Bob is close to the child, while we may not personally know of anyone suffering from extreme poverty.
D) None of the above

Question 33

How much of our income does Singer think we are required to give away?

A) 10 percent
B) 50 percent
C) Everything that we don't spend on necessities
D) All of it

Question 34

Which of the following objections to his theory does Singer not address?

A) Many people are in a position to give money to charity, so I'm not obligated to give more than my fair share.
B) Alleviating poverty is the responsibility of governments, not individuals.
C) I am not obligated to give my income to charity because I have a right to my own property.
D) Singer's theory is too demanding.

Question 35

Which of the following claims does Singer make about the moral situation of Bob?

A) Bob faces a relatively easy decision.
B) Bob is very unlucky to be faced with his decision.
C) Bob is not required to make any great sacrifice.
D) Almost all of us are in a situation similar to Bob's.

Question 36

Write an essay discussing Singer's thought experiment involving Bob and the Bugatti. Describe the decision Bob faces and what Singer thinks Bob is obligated to do. Then, explain what conclusions Singer thinks we should draw from the thought experiment regarding our obligations to reduce poverty and suffering. Do you agree with Singer about this? Defend your answer.

Question 37

Reconstruct, in valid form with numbered premises and conclusion, Singer's argument. What do you think is the strongest objection to this argument? How do you think Singer would reply to this objection? Do you think that the objection shows that Singer's theory is incorrect? Why or why not?

Question 38

Write an essay critically assessing Singer's view about how much income people should give away. Present Singer's view and then describe what you think is the strongest objection to the view. Do you think the objection can be overcome? Why or why not?

Question 39

To involve someone in a scheme of action to which they could not in principle consent is to treat them

A) in a morally permissible way, according to Kant.
B) as an end in themselves.
C) as a mere end.
D) as a mere means.

Question 40

O'Neill argues that Kantian moral theory forbids which of these actions in the context of famine?

A) Diverting relief supplies for private use
B) Hoarding unallocated food
C) Coercing people into accepting sterilization
D) All of the above

Question 41

O'Neill claims that Kantians generally play down the distinction between a person's _______ responsibilities and their _______ responsibilities.

A) legal; role
B) personal; role
C) ethical; moral
D) personal; professional

Question 42

When a person cannot fulfill their duties to dependents due to the hardships of famine, Kantian ethical theory

A) judges this person's failure to be morally wrong.
B) exempts people from those duties fully.
C) would not judge a person's actions as wrong as long as they did their best.
D) None of the above

Question 43

Which of the following claims does O'Neill make?

A) It is hard to identify deception and coercion in complicated institutional settings.
B) It is hard to identify coercion in person-to-person interactions.
C) It is easy to identify deception and coercion in complicated institutional settings.
D) None of the above

Question 44

Acts in accordance with duties of _______ develop or promote others' ends. In particular, they foster others' capacities to be autonomous beings.

A) beneficence
B) magnificence
C) self-respect
D) benevolence

Question 45

O'Neill is primarily interested in contrasting the Kantian view of famine relief with the _______ view of famine relief.

A) virtue ethics
B) cultural relativist
C) utilitarian
D) All of the above

Question 46

According to O'Neill, the Kantian view of our moral obligations regarding famine relief is _______ the utilitarian view of our moral obligations regarding famine relief.

A) the opposite of
B) exactly as demanding as
C) less demanding than
D) more demanding than

Question 47

Which of the following does O'Neill think Kantian ethics entails?

A) Good intentions can never lead to bad results.
B) We cannot know what the morally right course of action is unless we have perfect foresight.
C) We must accept that people's true intentions are whatever they claim they are.
D) None of the above

Question 48

O'Neill argues that

A) Kantian ethics can offer a definitive description of exactly how much aid we must give to victims of famine.
B) we should give to famine relief until giving would make us worse off than the victims of famine.
C) relief of famine has a high standing among Kantian duties of beneficence.
D) All of the above

Question 49

In your own words, explain what advice O'Neill thinks Kantian ethics can give to someone wondering what their obligations are to provide aid for victims of famine. How is this different from the advice a utilitarian would give? Which school of thought gets it right, in your opinion? Defend your answer.

Question 50

What are duties of beneficence and how do they differ from other duties that O'Neill discusses in this essay? Provide examples to illustrate the distinction. Do you think that duties of beneficence are as morally important as other moral duties we have? Why or why not?

Question 51

O'Neill argues that Kantian ethics forbids coercion and deception, and that this has implications for famine relief. What are these implications? Identify some coercive and deceptive actions that occur in the context of famine and explain why Kantian ethics forbids these actions. In your explanation, make use of the concept of treating someone as a mere means.

Question 52

Pogge argues that most people think citizens of wealthy countries should help the poor out of a

A) moral duty imposed on us by the human rights of the poor.
B) demand of charity.
C) demand of justice.
D) None of the above

Question 53

Pogge argues that a common assumption most people make at the international level is that

A) human rights entail both negative and positive duties.
B) human rights entail only positive duties.
C) human rights entail only negative duties.
D) humans do not have rights.

Question 54

Which of the following is a positive duty?

A) The duty to help the global poor secure access to the objects of their human rights
B) The duty to refrain from hindering the global poor's access to the objects of their human rights
C) The duty not to deprive the poor of basic essentials such as food and water
D) None of the above

Question 55

Pogge argues that human rights impose _______ duties toward foreigners.

A) only positive
B) only negative
C) moral
D) All of the above

Question 56

According to Pogge,

A) if we do not inherit blame for the wrongs our ancestors committed, we should not also inherit the advantages they gained from committing these wrongs.
B) we do not inherit the blame for the wrongs our ancestors committed, and therefore have no obligations to help correct the inequalities that these wrongs created.
C) we are entitled to actively exclude the global poor from our lands and possessions.
D) None of the above

Question 57

Which of the following does Pogge claim about international law?

A) Some parts of international law contain inspiring affirmation of human rights.
B) Some parts of international law contribute to the massive under-fulfillment of human rights.
C) Both a and b
D) Neither a nor b

Question 58

Pogge argues that many current practices supported by wealthy countries work to enforce and increase poverty in poorer ones. What does he think follows from this fact?

A) Wealthy countries have a duty to relieve the poverty they caused in the past.
B) Wealthy countries have a duty of to relieve the poverty that they are now causing.
C) Wealthy countries have a duty to relieve the poverty imposed by other countries, whether those countries are wealthy or not.
D) All of the above

Question 59

Pogge argues that wealthy countries have become wealthy in substantial part by having historically exploited poorer countries. What does he think follows from this fact?

A) Wealthy countries have a duty to improve the conditions of poorer countries.
B) Wealthy countries have a duty of to relieve the poverty that they are now causing.
C) Wealthy countries have a duty to relieve the poverty imposed by other countries, whether those countries are wealthy or not.
D) All of the above

Question 60

According to Pogge, if we reject the existence of positive duties to promote human rights,

A) the notion of human rights becomes incoherent.
B) wealthy countries still have duties to help poor countries.
C) wealthy countries no longer have duties to help poor countries.
D) the notion of duty becomes incoherent.

Question 61

People who believe that wealthy countries fulfill their duties to poorer countries as long as they keep a hands-off policy would argue that we have which of these duties toward poor countries?

A) The duty to prevent people from starving
B) The duty to provide life-saving medical care
C) The duty not to interfere
D) All of the above

Question 62

In your own words, explain the difference between negative and positive duties. Provide examples of each. Do you believe wealthier countries have both negative and positive duties to poorer countries? Why or why not?

Question 63

Pogge argues that some parts of international law contain inspiring affirmation of human rights and some parts of international law contribute to the massive under-fulfillment of human rights. Do you think there is a moral obligation for the legal code to fix this inconsistency? Why or why not? Do you think there is a moral obligation for the legal code to promote all human rights?

Question 64

How can we know that something is a human right? If something is a human right, does that automatically generate moral obligations for privileged people to help others attain that human right? Why or why not? Defend your answer with some examples of human rights.

Question 65

According to Brennan, the overwhelming consensus among economists is that rich countries are rich because they

A) have extensive access to natural resources.
B) have good institutions.
C) unjustly extracted wealth from poorer countries.
D) All of the above

Question 66

According to Brennan, the overwhelming consensus among economists is that poor countries are poor because they

A) lack access to natural resources.
B) lack good institutions.
C) were unjustly manipulated by rich countries.
D) All of the above

Question 67

Which of the following was not a result of the Great Enrichment, according to Brennan?

A) Poor countries became even poorer.
B) Western Europe grew faster than the rest of the world.
C) The gap between Europe's standard of living and the rest of the world increased.
D) None of the above

Question 68

According to economists, a high concentration of easily extractable natural resources

A) explains why rich countries are rich.
B) spurs economic growth more often than not.
C) inhibits economic growth more often than not.
D) Both a and b

Question 69

Why does Brennan disagree with Thomas Pogge?

A) Because Pogge claims that the world's rich have excluded the poor from their fair share of the world's natural resources
B) Because Pogge claims that rich countries are rich because they inherited wealth stolen from poorer countries
C) Both a and b
D) Neither a nor b (Brennan does not disagree with Pogge.)

Question 70

Why did Adam Smith criticize imperialism?

A) Because it is unjust
B) Because its costs exceed the wealth it generates
C) Because of the harms it inflicts on conquered populations
D) All of the above

Question 71

According to Brennan, imperialism helps to explain why

A) some poor countries have remained poor.
B) wealth redistribution is justified.
C) some countries are rich.
D) None of the above

Question 72

What institutions produce growth according to Brennan?

A) Open markets
B) Inclusive governments
C) Robust systems of private property
D) All of the above

Question 73

Which of the following is true of foreign aid, according to Brennan?

A) It escalates conflicts, civil wars, and human rights violations.
B) It helps bad governments thrive and subsidizes corruption.
C) It prolongs and worsens conditions that produce poverty.
D) All of the above

Question 74

According to Brennan, foreign aid is effective as a response to

A) political instability.
B) economic stagnation.
C) clear-cut crises such as sudden famines.
D) None of the above (Brennan argues that foreign aid is never effective.)

Question 75

Brennan claims that two common assumptions about disparities in global wealth are mistaken. What are these two assumptions and how does Brennan make the case for thinking that they are incorrect? Is Brennan's case compelling in your view? Why or why not?

Question 76

According to Brennan, what best explains the wealth of nations? Do you find this explanation compelling? Why or why not?

Question 77

Why does Brennan claim that foreign aid is more likely to hurt poor countries than help them? Do you find this position persuasive? Why or why not?

Question 78

Wellman argues that a state's _______ entitles it exclude all outsiders.

A) economic self-interest
B) right to self-determination
C) duties to its citizens
D) right to self-governance

Question 79

Wellman argues that neither individuals nor collectives can be fully self-determining without freedom of

A) movement.
B) speech.
C) association.
D) religion.

Question 80

According to Wellman, the right to self-determination is

A) merely presumptive.
B) outweighed by the competing claims of refugees.
C) absolute.
D) Both a and b