Deck 9: Minerals Essential for Calcified Structures

Question 1

Each statement is true,except one.Which is the exception?

A) Teeth are composed of enamel, dentin, and cementum.
B) Approximately 20% of enamel is organic material.
C) Dentin lacks the osteoblasts and osteoclasts found in bone.
D) Enamel and dentin do not contain blood vessels or nerves.

Answer 1

Approximately 20% of enamel is organic material.

Question 2

Mineralization of bone begins prior to collagen formation.Mineralization is the deposition of organic elements on an inorganic matrix.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Answer 2

Both statements are false.

Question 3

Inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake during tooth formation and maturation can result in hypomineralization of developing teeth.Generally,inadequate calcium intake affects bone mass and tooth structure equivalently.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Answer 3

The first statement is true; the second is false.

Question 4

The serum calcium-to-phosphorus ratio is an inverse relationship.If the calcium level increases,the phosphorus level will increase to match this level.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 5

In which situation is fluoridated drinking water most likely to result in mild fluorosis?

A) 1 ppm in a 4 year old
B) 3 ppm in a 6 year old
C) 8 ppm in a 7 year old
D) 10 ppm in an 18 year old
E) 10 ppm in an older adult

Question 6

The best source of phosphorus is:

A) whole-grain products.
B) fruits and vegetables.
C) legumes.
D) animal protein.
E) soy protein.

Question 7

Despite wide variations in calcium intake,serum calcium is relatively constant because each cell has a vital need for calcium.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 8

The RDA of phosphorus for adults is 300 mg.Fatal effects result from the excessive intake of phosphorus.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 9

Adequate intake of calcium is observed in males and females from 20 to 35 years.Women can continue to increase bone growth and density through their 20s,but do not achieve the bone mass level observed in most men.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 10

When collagen is formed,apatite,a complex composed of osteoclasts and osteoblasts,automatically crystallizes adjacent to the collagen fibers.Formation of collagen requires the presence of protein,vitamin C,and minerals.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 11

Inadequate calcium intake is NOT typically attributed to:

A) uninformed choices.
B) the belief that adults do not need milk.
C) the belief that milk contributes too many calories.
D) mottled enamel.
E) economic hardships.

Question 12

During growth periods,the requirement for calcium is unchanged because peak bone mass seems to be related to the depletion of calcium reserves.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 13

Bones contain one third of the body's magnesium.It is the third most prevalent mineral in teeth.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 14

Peak bone mass occurs between:

A) 12 and14 years of age.
B) 15 and17 years of age.
C) 18 and 25 years of age.
D) 26 and 32 years of age.

Question 15

Actions in which pressure stretches or strains the structure are referred to as compressional forces.Tensional forces are actions in which pressure attempts to increase a structure's volume.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 16

Nourishment for the dentin is provided by:

A) bioavailable calcium.
B) odontoblasts.
C) phosphorus.
D) osteoid.

Question 17

Each is true of collagen as it relates to bone mineralization and growth,except one.Which is the exception?

A) Collagen is a protein matrix.
B) Dentin, cementum, and bone originate with collagen deposition.
C) Collagen is the primary connective tissue fiber in the gingiva.
D) Collagen is the major organic constituent of alveolar bone.
E) Collagen is inorganic.

Question 18

The crystalline structure of enamel makes it:

A) insoluble and resistant.
B) soluble and resistant.
C) insoluble and softer than dentin.
D) soluble and harder than dentin.

Question 19

Which does NOT enhance absorption of calcium supplements?

A) Sucrose
B) Dextrose
C) Lactose
D) Mineral oil

Question 20

Each is true of calcium within saliva,except one.Which is the exception?

A) Saliva is supersaturated with calcium.
B) Saliva is a source of calcium to mineralize an immature of demineralized enamel surface.
C) Calcium and phosphate in saliva provide a buffering action.
D) Calcium within saliva increases dental caries.

Question 21

Periodontal disease can be exacerbated by a deficiency of calcium.Oral signs of osteoporosis may include increased density of the lamina dura.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 22

Milk and other dairy products are preferred sources of calcium because lactose enhances calcium absorption.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 23

High levels of calcium within the urine is called:

A) hypercalcemia.
B) hypercalciuria.
C) hyperplasia.
D) hypoplasia.

Question 24

Magnesium plays a major role in blood pressure regulation.The strongest benefit occurs when magnesium is obtained from supplements.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 25

Calcium supplements combined with vitamin D result in small but significant reductions in bone loss.Benefits of this combination are significant because the bioavailability of both vitamin D and calcium is enhanced in combined supplements.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 26

Consumption of soft drinks is often recommended to increase serum phosphorus levels.Hyperphosphatemia can be a risk factor cardiac disease.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 27

Each is true of calcium supplements,except one.Which is the exception?

A) A calcium supplement contains elemental calcium along with other substances.
B) Calcium carbonate is 40% calcium by weight.
C) Calcium citrate is 75% calcium by weight.
D) Calcium-citrate-malate is a form of calcium in supplements or fortified foods.

Question 28

Each is true of osteoporosis,except one.Which is the exception?

A) Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder.
B) It is characterized by decreased bone mass.
C) Increased estrogen during perimenopause is a strong causative factor.
D) Weight-bearing exercise is thought to be a preventive factor.

Question 29

Individuals should consume 30% of the daily value or 300 mg of calcium per serving three or four times daily because under normal conditions,less than one third of the calcium consumed is absorbed.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 30

Rickets cannot occur when calcium levels are sufficient because formation of rickets is solely dependent upon blood (serum)calcium level.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 31

Magnesium is the third most prevalent mineral in teeth.Enamel contains about three times more magnesium than dentin.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 32

Which percentage most approximates the dietary phosphorus absorbed in the jejunum?

A) Less than 20%
B) 20% to 30%
C) 40% to 50%
D) 60% to 70%
E) More than 70%

Question 33

Each is true of the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio,except one.Which is the exception?

A) Serum (blood) calcium is relatively constant.
B) Each cell has a vital need for calcium.
C) Calcium imbalance occurs when calcium withdrawal from bones exceed deposits.
D) Decreased bone density caused by insufficient calcium occurs rapidly.

Question 34

Hypocalcemia,or deficient levels of calcium in the blood,can be caused by overdoses of cholecalciferol or excessive amounts of vitamin D preparations.Hypocalcemia results in tetany,a neuromuscular disorder.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 35

Calcium balance,an intake that equals excretion,depends solely on adequate calcium intake.Although hormones such as PTH are involved in phosphorus balance,hormonal influence on calcium balance is insignificant.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 36

Magnesium supplements are frequently recommended by dietitians because it is difficult to get enough magnesium from food alone.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 37

Each is true of phosphorus,except one.Which is the exception?

A) Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in the body.
B) Phosphorus is mainly found in the muscles and bone.
C) It is responsible for transfer and release of energy.
D) It is involved in metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.

Question 38

Patients with achlorhydria (absence of hydrochloric acid in the stomach)should not take calcium with meals.Mineral oils and some laxatives can decrease calcium absorption.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 39

Hypercalcemia,high levels of calcium in the blood,is almost always caused by excess dietary calcium intake.This can result in renal proliferation and increased kidney function.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 40

Magnesium toxicity has been associated with kidney failure because the kidneys regulate plasma magnesium levels.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 41

Each is true of fluoride,except one.Which is the exception?

A) Fluoride is a nutrient essential for health.
B) It has no known metabolic function.
C) Saliva contains varying amounts of fluoride.
D) The amount of fluoride ingested has little effect on salivary levels.

Question 42

Which is NOT characteristic of fluoride?

A) Fluoride stimulates osteoblast proliferation.
B) Fluoride increases new mineral deposition in cancellous bone.
C) It improves the density but not the strength of bone.
D) Fluoride decreases bone resorption.

Question 43

Phytochemicals,which are natural components of foods,are thought to decrease bone mineral density (BMD)by inhibiting remodeling of bone.Caffeine has a negative effect on BMD because it increases calcium excretion.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 44

Fluoride ions can replace hydroxyl ions in the hydroxyapatite crystal lattice of teeth.This fluoridated hydroxyapatite,or fluorapatite,is more soluble and makes the tooth less resistant to demineralization.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 45

Fluoride is advantageous to dental health because of its systemic effects before tooth eruption and both systemic and topical effects after tooth eruption.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 46

Each is true of requirements and recommendations for fluoride utilization,except one.Which is the exception?

A) Adequate intake for all women is 3 mg/day.
B) Adequate intake for all men is 4 mg/day.
C) Average intake in the United States is 0.9 mg/day in areas without fluoridation.
D) The tolerable upper intake level for individuals over 9 years is 15 mg/day.