Deck 6: Empiricism, Associationism, and Utilitarianism

Question 1

The term empiricism is roughly equivalent to the English term

A) knowledge.
B) experience.
C) observation.
D) experiment.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In his later years, Bacon studied science and philosophy. He was primarily interested in the problems of

A) human knowledge.
B) axiology.
C) ethics.
D) rationalism.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The Idols of the Tribe, according to Francis Bacon, are

A) errors in knowledge based on faulty deduction.
B) errors in knowledge resulting from faulty definitions.
C) objects that are commonly worshipped.
D) inherent limitations based on weaknesses human nature.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to Bacon, human beings sometimes rely too much on authority. He referred to excessive reliance
On authority as the

A) Idols of the theater.
B) Idols of the marketplace.
C) Idols of the cave.
D) Idols of the tribe.

Question 5

According to Bacon, human beings sometimes follow strongly preferred theories or prejudices. He referred to
This excessive reliance on a favored explanatory mode as

A) Idols of the theater.
B) Idols of the marketplace.
C) Idols of the cave.
D) Idols of the tribe.

Question 6

A politician may frame his or her position as "liberal" or "conservative." According to Francis Bacon, if one decides to endorse the politician because of the name of the label he or she applies to his or her position, one may be falling victim to the

A) Idols of the theater.
B) Idols of the marketplace.
C) Idols of the cave.
D) Idols of the tribe.

Question 7

Hermann believes there are no new scientific truths that are not already set forth in a holy book written
Hundreds of years ago. According to Francis Bacon, Hermann may be falling victim to the

A) Idols of the theater.
B) Idols of the marketplace.
C) Idols of the cave.
D) Idols of the den.

Question 8

Francis Bacon placed the most value in which of the following epistemological methods?

A) induction
B) deduction
C) Intuition
D) logic

Question 9

Bacon believed that

A) most psychological topics could not be treated scientifically.
B) the senses could be explored scientifically, but other topics such as emotions and memory could not be
Treated scientifically.
C) society should support a great range of empirical studies on psychological subjects.
D) most psychological topics should be approached deductively.

Question 10

Most of Locke's philosophical interests related in one way or another to the problem of

A) ontology.
B) theology.
C) epistemology.
D) free will and determinism.

Question 11

"Nothing is in the intellect that was not previously in the senses." This statement sets forth the essential theme
Of the so-called "white paper" doctrine of

A) John Locke.
B) George Berkeley.
C) David Hartley.
D) Jeremy Bentham.

Question 12

John Locke argued aggressively

A) against innate ideas.
B) in favor of the idea that all knowledge comes from sensory information.
C) in favor of the formation of ideas through empirical association.
D) all of the above.

Question 13

Qualities presumed to reside in, or inhere in an object, are called________ qualities.

A) primary
B) material
C) secondary
D) tertiary

Question 14

Which of the following, according to John Locke, would qualify as a secondary quality?

A) color
B) taste
C) solidity
D) a and b

Question 15

Solidity and shape might properly be regarded as ________, whereas color and taste are better regarded as ________.

A) secondary qualities . . . primary qualities
B) primary qualities . . . secondary qualities
C) categorical imperatives . . . subjective qualities
D) subjective qualities . . . categorical imperatives

Question 16

The book entitled Some Thoughts Concerning Education marks________ as one of the earliest
Pioneers in educational psychology.

A) George Berkeley
B) David Hume
C) John Locke
D) Francis Bacon

Question 17

According to Berkeley, the distinction between primary qualities and secondary qualities is

A) basically untenable because all qualities must be experienced.
B) the clearest distinction in all philosophy.
C) to be resolved by reducing all qualities to primary qualities.
D) unimportant.

Question 18

"To be, is to be perceived." Such a contention is most consistent with the brand of empiricism advanced by

A) Francis Bacon.
B) John Locke.
C) George Berkeley.
D) Michael Montaigne.

Question 19

In the Modern period, empiricism seems to begin with a deep interest in ________, but soon that interest turns to
The problem of ________.

A) induction . . . deduction.
B) ontology . . . epistemology.
C) epistemology . . . ontology.
D) axiology . . . epistemology

Question 20

In his classic Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision, Berkeley hoped to

A) provide support for Descartes' contention that there are geometric principles that we know innately and
That contribute to depth perception.
B) advance a new theory of color vision based on three primary colors.
C) demonstrate similarities between vision and audition.
D) clearly demonstrate the role of experience in depth perception.

Question 21

How did Berkeley account for the consistency of our perceptions (e.g., your house is always where you left it)?

A) Material objects exist whether we perceive them or not.
B) God, the ultimate perceiver, and see everything all the time.
C) Objects continue to exist if we believe that they will do so.
D) All of the above

Question 22

Our lives are a string of unrelated events with no causal connections between them. Who would be most likely
To support this view?

A) Francis Bacon
B) John Locke
C) David Hume
D) George Berkeley

Question 23

Which of the following would be most consistent with David Hume's position on the question of personal
Identity?

A) We have a sense of personal identity because there is a substantive self.
B) The sense of personal identity is based on objective causality.
C) We may exaggerate the continuity of the self.
D) Hume did not address the problem of personal identity.

Question 24

According to David Hume, our sense of a personal identity is to result of

A) imagination
B) rational deduction
C) emotional passion
D) a stable psyche

Question 25

_____ is a central figure in the history of psychology because he, more than any other empiricist, focused
Attention on the role of emotions in human intellectual life.

A) George Berkeley
B) John Locke
C) James Mill
D) David Hume

Question 26

According to the text, _____ demonstrated that empiricism, when driven to its ultimate conclusions, provides a
Sandy foundation for the new sciences.

A) David Hume
B) John Locke
C) George Berkeley
D) Francis Bacon

Question 27

_____ attempted to show how all intellectual activity could be derived from sensation alone.

A) John Locke
B) Étienne Bonnot de Condillac
C) George Berkeley
D) David Hartley

Question 28

According to _____, language provides a set of symbols in part to represent needs and desires

A) John Locke
B) Étienne Bonnot de Condillac
C) George Berkeley
D) David Hartley

Question 29

This early empiricist was a radical environmentalist who denied hereditary influence. In his view, even genius is
A product of proper education. He was

A) John Stuart Mill.
B) Jeremy Bentham.
C) Claude-Adrien Helvétius.
D) Alexander Bain.

Question 30

The person commonly regarded as the founder of modern associationism was also concerned with the problems
Of motivation and with the physiological basis of associations. He was

A) Jeremy Bentham.
B) David Hartley.
C) James Mill.
D) John Stuart Mill.

Question 31

_____ provided a physiological view of associationism, arguing that connections between stimuli can be triggered through vibrations carried through nerves

A) Jeremy Bentham.
B) David Hartley.
C) James Mill.
D) John Stuart Mill.

Question 32

According to utilitarianism, moral decisions should be based on

A) our intuitive grasp of what is right and what is wrong.
B) the doctrine of accountability that grows directly out of a belief in free will.
C) the concept of the greatest good for the greatest number.
D) the doctrine we encounter in nature, namely that might makes right.

Question 33

According to the doctrine of psychological hedonism, human beings seek

A) knowledge above all things.
B) homeostatic equilibrium above all things.
C) to gain pleasure and avoid pain.
D) sensory pleasure above all other types.

Question 34

An active advocate for the rights of women and the author of A Vindication of the Rights of Women was

A) Harriet Taylor.
B) Harriet Burrow.
C) Mary Wollstoncraft.
D) Elizabeth Dixon.

Question 35

The belief that the intrinsic nature of men is qualitatively different from the intrinsic nature of women is

A) psychophysical parallelism.
B) mechanism.
C) psychological hedonism.
D) essentialism.

Question 36

James Mill created a conception of the mind based on

A) mechanics.
B) hedonism.
C) rationalism.
D) chemistry.

Question 37

John Stuart Mill argues that many sciences including meteorology must couch their results in terms of
Probabilities. With respect to psychology, he believed

A) that there could be a basic psychology, but not an applied psychology.
B) there could be both a basic and an applied psychology.
C) we could make probabilistic statements, but they would not be sufficiently exact to be helpful.
D) it could really never be a science.

Question 38

"The principle which regulates the existing social relations between the sexes--the legal subordination of one sex
To the other--is wrong in itself, and now one of the chief hindrances to human improvement." Such a statement
Came from __________ who was probably influenced with respect to his feminist perspectives by
___________.

A) John Stuart Mill . . . his father, James Mill
B) John Stuart Mill . . . his wife, Harriet Taylor
C) James Mill . . . his wife, Harriet Burrow
D) James Mill . . his mother, Isabel Fenton

Question 39

The first psychological journal Mind was founded by a philosopher who has great influence on many early
Psychologists. He was

A) Jeremy Bentham.
B) John Stuart Mill.
C) James Mill.
D) Alexander Bain.