Deck 7: Rationalism

Question 1

The term rationalism was derived from the Latin _____ which means to _____

A) ration .... conserve.
B) ratio .... reason or think.
C) ratus .... to define.
D) rapidus .... to snatch.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Rationalism is to empiricism as _____ is to _____ .

A) deduction .... induction
B) induction .... deduction
C) a posteriori knowledge .... a priori knowledge
D) passive mind .... active mind

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Descartes' philosophy of science was motivated partly by

A) his wish to challenge the skepticism of Montaigne.
B) his wish to repudiate every detail of Baconian empiricism.
C) his love of the inductive method and the hope it offered to the world.
D) his wish to expose the absurdities of belief in a priori knowledge.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Descartes' method was modeled after that of the

A) Greek philosopher Aristotle.
B) Greek philosopher Socrates.
C) Galen, the Roman physician.
D) the work of mathematicians.

Question 5

The most important building block in the Cartesian method is

A) the discovery of clear and distinct ideas or ideas that are immune to doubt.
B) to throw out theories and begin with the facts.
C) to place experimental results always in highest priority.
D) to state all conclusions in terms of probabilities.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT one of the four methodological procedures outlined by Descartes in his Discourse on Method

A) Never accept anything as true unless it is so clear as to be immune from doubt
B) Divide all difficulties into as many parts as possible
C) Ensure that nothing is left out
D) Begin with the most complex elements and proceed to knowledge of the more simple

Question 7

Descartes _____ reject the results of experiments that ran counter to common-sense.

A) was quick to
B) would almost never
C) was slow to
D) simply did not

Question 8

Descartes' philosophical method is most accurately characterized as

A) empirical
B) inductive
C) deductive
D) emotional

Question 9

_____ argued against the metaphysical basis of demonology and thus figured in humanitarian reform in the
Treatment of people with mental illnesses.

A) Immanuel Kant
B) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
C) Baruch Spinoza
D) René Descartes

Question 10

If we develop a hatred for something that was once loved, our hatred may be greater than if we had never loved
The thing in the first place. Spinoza argued that the greater hatred in such cases is fueled by

A) the selfish nature of the original love.
B) jealousy that the loved object might someday be possessed by another.
C) sorrow over the loss of love.
D) clear-cut psychopathology

Question 11

The term monad from (monas) was probably adopted by Leibniz from Lady Anne Conway and F. M. Von
Helmont. The term refers to

A) a principle of existence.
B) the identity of mind and brain.
C) a principle of beauty.
D) an ideal mental state.

Question 12

The mental realm is always parallel with the physical (neurophysiological) realm. Leibniz explained the perfect
Correspondence of the two realms in terms

A) of their perfect coordination in the pineal gland.
B) of the creation of the universe such that there is a pre-established harmony of its individual parts.
C) of the harmony of the spheres.
D) of the idea that the mental realm is an epiphenomenon and thus not truly independent.

Question 13

Leibnitz coined the term "theodicy," which refers to

A) the relationship between god and the world
B) the relationship between mind and brain
C) the relationship between empiricism and rationalism
D) the relationship between faith and reason

Question 14

Many petite perceptions or "small perceptions" in concert form the basis of perception. Thus, the sound of the
Waterfall consists of thousands of drops of water in concert. The idea of petites perceptions suggests the
Importance of unconscious processes. This idea was advanced by

A) Baruch Spinoza.
B) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
C) Christian von Wolff.
D) Johann Friedrich Herbart.

Question 15

"Nature never takes leaps." This view that change follows a gradual and incremental developmental course led
To a deemphasis on miracles. All change, from the healing of a broken bone, to the learning of a new skill
Follows lawful developmental patterns. This view, advocated by Leibniz, came to be known as

A) uniformitarianism.
B) unitarianism.
C) continuity theory.
D) punctuated equilibrium theory.

Question 16

Christian von Wolff was one of the first to use the term psychology in a major publication. In 1732 he wrote a
Book called Empirical Psychology and in 1734 he published Rational Psychology. He believed that

A) empirical psychology clearly occupies a more important place in the scheme of things than rational
Psychology.
B) rational psychology is clearly superior to empirical psychology.
C) once we collect enough data we can do away with rational psychology.
D) the two psychology's are co-equal partners.

Question 17

A tautology is an expression that

A) reflects a profound truth.
B) is highly insightful.
C) is filled with information.
D) is redundant or trivial.

Question 18

According to Kant, synthetic a priori truths are

A) informative about the world.
B) redundant or trivial.
C) uninformative in themselves, but important in formal logic.
D) not necessary to the work of empirical science.

Question 19

According to Immanuel Kant, the so-called categories of understanding

A) are always products of learning.
B) are ordering principles such as intuition of time and causality.
C) are dependent upon cultural influence.
D) are products of formal logic.

Question 20

According to Kant, the _____ world is independent of perception, whereas the _____ world is as it appears to us in experience.

A) noumenal…..phenomenal
B) phenomenal…..noumenal
C) tautological…..noumenal
D) phenomenal…..tautological

Question 21

Which of the following was most devoted to finding a middle way between the extremes of rationalism and
Empiricism?

A) David Hume
B) George Berkeley
C) Immanuel Kant
D) Claude-Adrien Helvétius

Question 22

The term Heteronomy as used by Immanuel Kant refers to

A) self-government.
B) the capacity to act freely and independently.
C) government from the outside.
D) a neurosis marked by an overemphasis on independence.

Question 23

The task of individuals, according to Kant, is to grow into moral

A) heteronomy.
B) autonomy.
C) certitude.
D) conservatism.

Question 24

According to Kant, truly moral actions will be based on our capacity to regard other people as

A) ends rather than means.
B) means rather than ends.
C) heteronomously determined.
D) products of conditioning.

Question 25

Which of the following is the most monistic?

A) Baruch Spinoza
B) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
C) René Descartes
D) Immanuel Kant

Question 26

According to Herbart, the central goal of education should be

A) mastery of technical concepts.
B) mastery of reading, writing, and arithmetic.
C) moral development.
D) to instill common sense in students.

Question 27

Herbart believed that a major goal of education should be to

A) build what he called the apperceptive mass.
B) focus on drills in order to instill discipline.
C) emphasize pure science and pure knowledge and de-emphasize practical applications.
D) focus always on concrete facts.

Question 28

According to Herbart, humans are unique from the rest of the animal kingdom because they possess

A) apperception
B) mathematics
C) language
D) souls

Question 29

The philosopher most clearly associated with so-called commonsense philosophy was

A) David Hume.
B) Thomas Reid.
C) Johann Friedrich Herbart.
D) George Berkeley.

Question 30

The expression common sense as used by philosophers typically refers to

A) those beliefs accepted by the masses of people.
B) beliefs that derive out of a combination of sensory components.
C) unreflective or naive opinions.
D) any deeply felt opposition to beliefs that are counterintuitive.

Question 31

Reid argued for a number of propositions he called "first principles." Which of the following is an example?

A) To be is to be perceived.
B) Those things do really exist which we distinctly perceive by our senses.
C) I think, therefore I am.
D) Education should build the apperceptive mass.

Question 32

_____ was a direct realist and believed that common sense was a good enough reason to believe in the
Existence of the physical world and that any philosopher who denied the physical world was simply ridiculous

A) Thomas Reid
B) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
C) Johann Friedrich Herbart
D) Pierre Gassendi