Deck 7: The Ascent of Science 1815-1914

Question 1

Unlike the Enlightenment's "Newton's of the Mind", the Romantics' conception of the Will was captured in the phrase, ____________.

A) The Will is motivated by love and art.
B) The Will is reason without faith.
C) The Will is a wild beast.
D) The Will arises from the brain doing its work.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In his treatment of association of ideas, J. S. Mill introduced the idea of ________, that ideas can so combine that they lose their individual identities and produce an experience with different, emergent, properties:

A) apperception
B) mental chemistry
C) mental sculpture
D) mesmerism

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Many of the founders of psychology viewed the mind in the spirit of Romanticism. Which of the following has some aspect of Romanticism in their work?

A) Freud
B) James
C) Wundt
D) All of these

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In the nineteenth century, the first social scientists argued about the proper goals and methods of their fields. John Stuart Mill proposed that the social sciences should:

A) be like history, seeking to understand human beings' actions through sympathy and empathy
B) should develop their own methods, autonomous of any other field
C) apply the methods and share the goals of the natural sciences
D) avoid excessive quantification

Question 5

When it comes to discussing how society develops, which of the following was most likely to have said, "Just as too much pruning and shaping can kill a tree, so scientific planning can kill a culture".

A) Romantics
B) Positivism
C) Mesmerism
D) none of these.

Question 6

According to Comte the final stage of human history was the scientific stage. Here a new science would rule over society called:

A) anthropology
B) the humanities
C) sociology
D) political science

Question 7

Early French, German, and English psychologists argued over whether psychology should be a genuine positive science of individuals or something different. Although Comte wanted psychology to _________ he also wanted psychology to _____ with the latter being in opposition to the views of many German psychologists of the time.

A) study the soul, be socially useful
B) be a genuine positivistic science, be socially useful
C) be metaphysical, to study the soul
D) overthrow capitalism, embrace communism.

Question 8

Which of the following physicists advocated for positivism as a fundamental philosophy for science and as an anti-realist reportedly said, "Have you ever seen one?" while debating the legitimacy of atoms?

A) Ernst Mach
B) Karl Marx
C) E.G. Boring
D) F. C. Donders

Question 9

In his Radical Behaviorism Skinner argued that references to any unobservable "mental" processes were illegitimate metaphysics and not science. In many ways, Skinner applied ________ vision of psychology to his theory of behaviorism.

A) Hume's
B) Mesmer's
C) Reid's
D) Comte's

Question 10

Mesmer explained the phenomena he discovered in terms of:

A) suggestibility and personal influence of the mesmerist over the subject
B) an altered state of conscious called "artificial somnambulism"
C) manipulation of an unseen fluid that permeates the universe
D) innate tendencies of his subjects to develop hysteria

Question 11

Eventually Mesmer's claim that his patients trance was the result of animal magnetism was investigated. As a result a simpler explanation was found. As a result, Mesmerism was transformed into ________.

A) Voodoo.
B) hypnotism.
C) a religion.
D) a theory of synaptic communication.

Question 12

What Frederic Myers once studied was known as Psychical research. Today it is known as __________ and makes most psychologists uncomfortable.

A) parapsychology
B) robotics
C) economics
D) theology

Question 13

The idea that psychology should and could be a science gained ground in the 19^th century for two reasons. One was:

A) Advances in physiology and development of methods to study and experiment on the mind.
B) Bringing consciousness into the lab to be studied brought respect to the field.
C) Both of these
D) None of these.

Question 14

________________ attempted to link the mental process of association to underlying physiological laws.

A) James Mill
B) David Hartley
C) Auguste Comte
D) Samuel Coleridge

Question 15

Franz Gall is regarded by many to be the founder of _____________.

A) social psychology
B) industrial-organizational psychology
C) career counseling
D) none of these

Question 16

Although not always correct, Franz Gall is regarded by many to be the founder of cognitive neuroscience, because he was the first to seriously propose the idea that the brain _______.

A) uses neurons that communicate with each other at the speed of light.
B) is the seat of the soul.
C) both of these
D) none of these.

Question 17

Many 19^th century intellectuals became involved in psychical research because:

A) as materialists, they wished to disprove Christian belief in an afterlife
B) they were worried that gullible people were being duped by fraudulent mediums
C) they thought that so-called "psychic phenomena" were really evidence of the presence of humanoid space aliens
D) they wanted to find empirical evidence supporting the existence of a human soul and its survival

Question 18

Which of the following was NOT one of the innovations of Gall's phrenology?

A) studying individual differences
B) experimental control of introspection
C) emphasis on behavior
D) letting findings about the brain lead to theorizing about the mind

Question 19

Franz Joseph Gall's psychology was the first to:

A) study consciousness by experimental introspection
B) develop paper and pencil mental tests and use them as measures of IQ.
C) be objectively behavioristic rather than subjectively introspective
D) measure the speed of neural transmission

Question 20

In contrast to Gall's ideas about the brain's hemispheres, his critic Flourens argued:

A) for the idea of mass action - the cerebrum was a single organ with the single function being thought.
B) for localized function, separate parts of the cerebrum had unique functions correlated with specific behavioral traits.
C) that it was impossible at the time to study the brain as technology did not allow any meaningful research.
D) None of these.

Question 21

Which of the following scientists believed that the cerebral cortex is not a set of localized abilities but acts as a unit ("mass action")?

A) J. M. P. Flourens
B) F. Gall
C) P. P. Broca
D) J. C. Spurzheim

Question 22

In terms of mental chronometry, the first quantitative way of measuring mental processes arose in the field of _________.

A) psychology
B) civil engineering
C) anthropology
D) astronomy

Question 23

F. C. Donders developed his "subtractive method" to:

A) subtract the image of the resting state of the brain in one PET image from the image of activity in a scan done following a cognitive activity, revealing where in the brain that activity was performed
B) empirically show how conscious mental processes depended on unconscious brain processes
C) measure the temporal duration of mental processes such as perceptual judgment
D) measure the speed by which neurons propagate action potentials

Question 24

Using reaction time measures, the German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz showed the speed of nerve conduction to be approximately:

A) 1.2 meters per second
B) 26 meters per second
C) at the speed of light (i.e. electricity).
D) none of these.

Question 25

Dutch physiologist F. C. Donder's used simple and compound reaction times to infer the action of complex mental processes. His method of objectively measuring physiological and mental processes was called:

A) mental chronometry
B) transit time calculations
C) log linear reaction times
D) psychical research

Question 26

F. C. Donders used the method of mental chronometry to measure:

A) the speed of nerve conduction of axon potentials
B) attempt to quantify the speed of mental processes such as judgment, or discrimination.
C) individual differences in physical reflexes such as the knee jerk and Babinsky reflexes
D) The Basic Elements of Experimental Psychology, Mark Sibicky

Question 27

The historian of psychology E.G. Boring dates the founding of experimental psychology to 1860, with the publication of __________ by _________.

A) Newton's Laws as Applied to Psychology; F. C. Donders
B) Phrenology; Franz Gall
C) Elements of Psychophysics, Gustav Fechner
D) The Basic Elements of Experimental Psychology, Mark Sibicky

Question 28

In F. C. Donders's method of mental chronometry, a simple reaction time might involve measuring how long it takes someone to respond to a light coming on above a response key. A compound reaction time however, might involve:

A) having two lights and two keys and discriminating which one of the two lights came on.
B) a very large light with a much smaller response key.
C) having two lights and two keys that do not come on and the subject must solve the puzzle.
D) multiple subjects responding to several simple reaction time trials and then factoring the data.

Question 29

As the author of the text notes, "Minds are private and no instrument can be applied to conscious experiences". Yet, Gustav Fechner overcame these problems by:

A) inventing the Pearson moment correlation and applying a statistical correction to subject's conscious experiences.
B) by inventing the mental test that led to Binet's IQ test.
C) seeing that the content of consciousness can be manipulated by controlling the stimuli to which the person is exposed.
D) developing the test to diagnose dementia praecox and thereby differentiate healthy from non-healthy minds.

Question 30

The still unresolved controversy over the existence of a g factor in intelligence began in the work of ________ who first advocated the concept of general intelligence.

A) T. H. Huxley
B) J.-M. Charcot
C) E. H. Weber
D) F. Galton

Question 31

Francis Galton was the first to try and develop tests of intelligence and his work influenced James Cattell in America, yet as a practical matter Galton's tests of intelligence were:

A) very successful and there was no debate over his idea of "g".
B) a failure
C) successful and led to educational reform all over the world.
D) neither a success nor a failure, in fact Cattell's tests were never given to anyone at all.

Question 32

Which of the following developed a more effective and durable means of measuring intelligence?

A) Francis Galton
B) E. H. Weber
C) Franz Gall
D) Alfred Binet

Question 33

In Binet's measure of intelligence, a subnormal child was a child that:

A) had a reaction time of less than 1.5 meters a second.
B) had a reaction time of more than 1.5 meters a second.
C) successfully solved problems their parents gave them but not their school teacher.
D) could not solve the problems solved by children of the same age.

Question 34

Based on Binet's work in mental testing, William Stern introduced the concept of IQ. Using Stern's calculations, if Sally was an 8 year old child and she passed the test items typical for an 8 year old child, her IQ would be 8/8 or ________.

A) 16 thus equal to a teenager and she would be rated as "superior"
B) 16 and thus a "genius" by the standards of the day.
C) 100 and considered normal.
D) 1 which would be considered subnormal and delayed by most forms of testing.

Question 35

Mental testing originated primarily in order to:

A) assesses the intelligence of schoolchildren with the goal of getting subnormal children special education.
B) place workers in the jobs most suited to them
C) make accurate diagnoses of patients in insane asylums
D) help colleges decide whom to admit to their best programs and majors

Question 36

Many general-introductory psychology textbooks are organized by chapters in the order of nerve and brain function, then sensation and perception and finally working toward chapters on thinking and social behavior. This organization incorporates both associationism and physiology and is due to the influence of ______.

A) Alexander Bain
B) Alfred Binet
C) Jean Charcot
D) James Mill

Question 37

Although moral therapy was not yet psychotherapy its aim was to cure. Moral therapy attempted to do this by:

A) using bloodletting and other medical cures.
B) sending patients to church to learn good morals with other inmates.
C) chaining and beating patients because they had sinned.
D) free patients from their chains and having them live structured lives with other inmates.

Question 38

In the latter part of the 1880's, psychiatrists and neurologists tended to believe that madness was caused by _________. Less sever syndromes like hysteria were _________.

A) biological troubles in the brain, also caused by biological troubles in the brain.
B) a poor blood supply to the heart, caused by poor blood supply to the gastro-intestinal system.
C) troubles to the nervous system, poor blood supply to the brain.
D) biological troubles in the brain, troubles in the nervous system.

Question 39

With only a few exceptions, theories about the origins of madness and neurosis prior to psychoanalysis emphasized:

A) a patient's emotional life
B) the impact of poverty and industrial work in the new urban world
C) biological causes of mental illness
D) the social construction of "mental" disorders

Question 40

The field of psychiatry first developed in which of these institutional settings?

A) rest spas for the "nervous"
B) prisons, to treat psychopaths
C) asylums for the insane
D) research universities

Question 41

The first theories about psychopathology emphasized _______ causes.

A) emotional
B) early childhood
C) situational
D) biological

Question 42

Although today psychologists use the term "participant" for people taking part in a psychological study, the initial term "subject" was introduced to psychology by:

A) early Greek Philosopher
B) French clinical psychologists
C) G. T. Fechner
D) F. C. Donders

Question 43

The first mental test that was actually worked and was practical was devised by:

A) F. Galton
B) M. Charcot
C) H. Bernheim
D) A. Binet

Question 44

The country in which psychology established itself primarily in connection with the study of psychopathology was:

A) Great Britain
B) Germany
C) France
D) America

Question 45

A spokesman for the French Salpetriere school was Jean Martin Charcot. He believed that the hypnotic trance:

A) could not be used to treat hysteria
B) was caused by manipulating a fluid that pervaded each living body
C) indicated a pathological nervous system and the person was prone to hysteria.
D) was an altered mental state anyone could enter and was a normal part of one's conscious state.

Question 46

The country in which psychology established itself primarily in connection with the study of mental testing, for example, the statistical aggregation of measurable differences between minds (animal and human) was :

A) Great Britain
B) Germany
C) France
D) America

Question 47

Toward the end of the 18^th century, treatment of the insane in mental hospitals was revolutionized by the institution of "moral therapy," which involved:

A) getting patients involved with religious faith and practice
B) the first administration of psychoactive drugs, making the inmates more "moral"
C) subjecting patients to a free and caring, but orderly and disciplined, life in the asylum
D) confining patients to cells based on those found in monasteries

Question 48

The modern term "subject" that psychologists use to designate the people they study developed originally in:

A) German psychophysical laboratories (Subjekt)
B) French clinical psychology (sujet)
C) English mental testing (subject)
D) German psychiatry (Subjekt)

Question 49

In the year 1860, ___________ was published.

A) Newton's Principia Mathematica
B) Descartes' Treatise on man
C) Fechner's Elements of psychophysics
D) Ferrier's The functions of the brain

Question 50

How did the Romantics conception of the mind differ from that of the Enlightenment's "Newton's of the mind"? According to the Romantics is society grown or made? (explain).

Question 51

Discuss how mesmerism and the psychical research movements both attempted to "naturalize the supernatural".

Question 52

Summarize Comte and Mach's ideas of "Positivism" and describe their influence on psychology.

Question 53

Explain how Gall's psychology is behavioristic rather than introspectionistic and why it is objective rather than subjective?

Question 54

Explain what the author of the text means when he states that Gall's conception of psychology pointed in two directions, one scientific and one pseudo-scientific. How did Flourens attempt to refute Gall? What is wrong with Flourens's reasoning?

Question 55

What is Mental Chronometry and what contribution did astronomy make to the development of psychology?

Question 56

Following Kant, philosophers tended to assume that the mind could not be subjected to experiment or quantified in mathematical terms. Describe how the Physicist Gustave Fechner showed these assumptions to be false. Why is Fechner considered to be the founder of experimental psychology but NOT as is Wundt the founder of the science of psychology?

Question 57

Describe the contributions of Galton and Binet to the development of intelligence tests. What influence did mental testing have on psychology?

Question 58

Discuss the goals of the field of Psychiatry as it was created by The Enlightenment Project. Describe the intent of moral therapy and explain how it differed from the way the "mentally ill" had been treated in the past. What were the early theoretical orientations in psychiatry and neurology toward "madness" and toward people with hysteria? How did French psychologists look at hypnotism?