Deck 6: The Enlightenment 1700-1815

Question 1

Which of the following was NOT one of the perceived enemies of the Enlightenment Project?

A) religion
B) science
C) tradition
D) the aristocracy

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following was considered to be the "The lamp of the Enlightenment"?

A) Hume
B) Newton
C) c. Locke
D) d. Kant

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The 17^th century figure who had the most influence on Enlightenment philosophy was:

A) Descartes
B) Galileo
C) Newton
D) Hobbes

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Locke argued for two fountains of knowledge or kinds of experience. The two types were _________ and _________.

A) positive, negative
B) passionate, cerebral (i.e. thinking)
C) personal, community
D) sensation, reflection

Question 5

If you thought of certain thinkers as bookends on different shelves of a library, then ______ would be the bookend that closes out the premodern era and ________ would be the bookend sitting at the beginning of the modern thought section.

A) Locke, Descartes
B) Descartes, Locke
C) Locke, Galileo
D) Reid, Leahey

Question 6

When it came to answering the thorny question, "Do we have free will"? Locke answered:

A) Yes, one can always choose a course of action even if it is painful.
B) No, one's choice is determined by innate moral rules.
C) By reframing the issue, he argued what matters is freedom of action, not will.
D) That it was an irrelevant question, and could never be answered.

Question 7

Berkeley's theory of depth perception supported his metaphysical argument that

A) belief in an external world is more an act of faith than real Knowledge
B) children should able to perceive depth immediately from birth
C) we perceive the world realistically-as it is, without mental inferences
D) Kant's metaphysics was profoundly incorrect, even irrational

Question 8

Although the concept of association of ideas is very old, only _________ made it into a central principle of mental operation, calling it the "gravity" of the mind.

A) Locke
B) Berkeley
C) Hume
D) Kant

Question 9

Which of the following thinkers was most responsible for the skeptical crisis of the 18^th century?

A) Locke
B) Berkeley
C) Hume
D) Kant

Question 10

Hume argued that our ability to form generalizations, i.e., form true beliefs,

A) is a God-given mental faculty and is therefore a reliable source of knowledge
B) results from the Transcendental Ego's imposition of the Categories of Apperception on raw sensory experience
C) depends on careful use of demonstrative logic to prove our conclusions
D) is useful in the conduct of life and is found in children and animals, but does not guarantee Truth

Question 11

Which of the following was the view of Reid and the Scots?

A) is a God-given mental faculty and is therefore a reliable source of knowledge
B) results from the Transcendental Ego's imposition of the Categories of Apperception on raw sensory experience
C) depends on careful use of demonstrative logic to prove our conclusions
D) is useful in the conduct of life and is found in children and animals, but does not guarantee Truth

Question 12

Which of the following was the view of Immanuel Kant?

A) is a God-given mental faculty and is therefore a reliable source of knowledge
B) results from the Transcendental Ego's imposition of the Categories of Apperception on raw sensory experience
C) depends on careful use of demonstrative logic to prove our conclusions
D) is useful in the conduct of life and is found in children and animals, but does not guarantee Truth

Question 13

Research on Pavlovian conditioning has found that acquisition of a conditional response is fastest when the CS precedes the US by ½ second. This finding illustrates which of Hume's laws of association?

A) resemblance
B) contiguity
C) causality
D) frequency

Question 14

Kant referred to things in themselves-the world outside human perception as:

A) phenomena
B) noumena
C) ideas
D) stimuli

Question 15

With respect to the possibility of psychology-defined as the introspective psychology of consciousness-becoming a science, Kant argued that:

A) psychology cannot, in principle, become a real science
B) it could become an imperfect science, like meteorology
C) it can become a science if it applies the approach of Newton
D) Hume had already created a true psychological science

Question 16

Taking the next logical step past Cartesian dualism, which said that the soul's only function is thinking, La Mettrie proposed that:

A) animals have souls similar to human souls
B) humans are just soulless machines, as are animals
C) animals are incapable of learning language
D) the human soul is unique in possessing memory and imagination

Question 17

Taking over the concepts of British empiricism, Condillac and the Ideologues:

A) formed a rock band (Grammy winning CD: The Way of Ideas)
B) argued that empiricism was a dead end, and supported Kantian idealism
C) proposed that the mind was completely empty at birth, shaped exclusively by experience
D) concluded that reason was a poor guide to life, and turned to intense emotion instead

Question 18

Some Enlightenment thinkers, especially in France, were excited by the ideas of La Mettrie and Condillac because they implied that:

A) human nature was inherently good and unchangeable
B) religious belief, though not true, was socially useful
C) in a state of nature, the life of man is solitary, nasty, brutish, and short
D) people could be easily shaped into any from society might desire

Question 19

The idea that people have an innate moral sense that intuitively distinguishes right from wrong:

A) was proposed by the Scottish common-sense philosophers
B) led to the idea that psychology could be a distinct, moral, science
C) especially influential in the United States
D) all of the above

Question 20

With respect to the possibility of psychology-defined as the introspective psychology of consciousness-becoming a science, Vico argued that:

A) psychology cannot, in principle, become a real science
B) it could become an imperfect science, like meteorology
C) it could become a science by applying the methods of Newton
D) because people create local cultures, the human sciences should not be modeled on the natural sciences such as physics, but on history

Question 21

From reading about the inhabitants of the Pacific islands, ______ concluded that in a state of nature people are "noble savages."

A) Rousseau
B) Herder
C) Condorcet
D) Berkeley

Question 22

From the course of the French Revolution, many thinkers concluded that:

A) peaceful change from monarchy to democracy was not very difficult
B) the Enlightenment Project had come to a dangerous and violent end
C) violent revolution was the only path to social justice
D) none of the above

Question 23

The first analysis of the problem of how we see depth was proposed by:

A) Locke
B) Berkeley
C) Hume
D) Kant

Question 24

According to Hume, the force that held together the objects of the mind (ideas) was:

A) gravity
B) apperception
C) the Transcendental Ego's Will
D) association

Question 25

Hume initially proposed three basic laws of association. He then argued, however, that one of them was not basic, but derived from another law (plus a sentiment). This nonbasic law was:

A) resemblance
B) contiguity
C) causality
D) frequency

Question 26

Hume's skepticism raised which later philosopher "from my dogmatic slumbers?"

A) Descartes
B) Locke
C) Spinoza
D) Kant

Question 27

The idea that we perceive the world directly, unmediated by ideas was advocated by:

A) Thomas Reid and the Scottish commonsense philosophers
B) Pierre Cabanis and the French Ideologues
C) Blaise Pascal and his fellow French Catholics
D) Me First and the Gimme Gimmes

Question 28

According to Kant, statements such as "Every event has a cause," or "Space is three dimensional" can never be disproved because:

A) they describe how the world (noumena) really is
B) our ideas (phenomena) are glued together by the "gravity" of association
C) the mind constructs experience by imposing various categories of understanding
D) disproving them would never be socially useful

Question 29

Kant believed that psychology cannot be a science because:

A) it is impossible to introspectively observe the Self
B) behavior is caused by too many confusing variables
C) human nature varies from culture to culture
D) the soul does not exist

Question 30

In 1748, __________ took a step Descartes would not, or could not, proclaiming that human beings are just machines, not very different from animals.

A) E. B. de Condillac
B) J. O. La Mettrie
C) Richard Wenkman
D) the Marquis de Condorcet

Question 31

The French naturalist philosophers replaced the Greek ethical goal of eudaemonia with ethical hedonism. Eudaemonia meant:

A) living one's life in order to get as much pleasure as possible
B) following the commandments of the Greek Gods
C) living well-flourishing
D) acting strictly in accord with reason, whether it made one happy or not

Question 32

The Scottish commonsense philosophers said that human moral judgments are based on:

A) correct understanding of the Bible
B) an innate moral sense
C) rewards and punishments administered by government
D) rational calculations of pain and pleasure

Question 33

Of all the philosophical systems of the 18^th century, which was MOST INFLUENTIAL in the United States before the Civil War?

A) Humean skepticism
B) Scottish realism
C) Kantian idealism
D) French naturalism

Question 34

The ultimate social goal of the Enlightenment philosophes was for all people everywhere to live only according to:

A) the traditions of their own cultures
B) the tenets of Christianity
C) reason
D) a universal religion

Question 35

According to Berkeley's analysis of depth perception, we see the world in three dimensions because:

A) we directly perceive three dimensions, height, width, and depth
B) we infer depth from various sensory cues
C) the innate Categories of Perception impose three dimensional space on experience as a logically necessary preconception of consciousness
D) none of these

Question 36

Which of the following represents Kant's view of depth perception?

A) we directly perceive three dimensions, height, width, and depth
B) we infer depth from various sensory cues
C) the innate Categories of Perception impose three dimensional space on experience as a logically necessary preconception of consciousness
D) none of these

Question 37

Which of the following represents the Scottish Realist view of depth perception?

A) we directly perceive three dimensions, height, width, and depth
B) we infer depth from various sensory cues
C) the innate Categories of Perception impose three dimensional space on experience as a logically necessary preconception of consciousness
D) none of these

Question 38

According to Hume, general conclusions of the type "All swans are black," or "Every event has a cause" are:

A) innately given by God
B) habits derived from regularities in experience
C) logically derived proofs
D) Transcendental Categories of the mind

Question 39

If they could look at psychology as it is practiced today, Vico and Herder would be most unhappy with modern psychology's:

A) modeling itself on the natural sciences
B) failure to find universal laws of human behavior
C) overemphasis on the emotional determinants of behavior
D) focus on cultural issues

Question 40

The majority of modern cognitive psychologists believe that we have little, if any, access to our thought processes. Which philosophical psychologist also held that belief?

A) Descartes
B) Locke
C) Reid
D) Kant

Question 41

Match. During the 18^th century, philosophers argued about human nature. Match the philosopher to their view of human nature.
-Thomas Hobbes

A) Human beings are naturally peaceful "noble savages".
B) Human nature is a blank slate that is shaped by culture and education.
C) Human beings are selfish and dangerous: without government there would be a war of everyone against everyone.
D) Human beings posses an innate "moral sense" that guides their actions.

Question 42

Match. During the 18^th century, philosophers argued about human nature. Match the philosopher to their view of human nature.
-French empiricism

A) Human beings are naturally peaceful "noble savages".
B) Human nature is a blank slate that is shaped by culture and education.
C) Human beings are selfish and dangerous: without government there would be a war of everyone against everyone.
D) Human beings posses an innate "moral sense" that guides their actions.

Question 43

Match. During the 18^th century, philosophers argued about human nature. Match the philosopher to their view of human nature.
-Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A) Human beings are naturally peaceful "noble savages".
B) Human nature is a blank slate that is shaped by culture and education.
C) Human beings are selfish and dangerous: without government there would be a war of everyone against everyone.
D) Human beings posses an innate "moral sense" that guides their actions.

Question 44

Match. During the 18^th century, philosophers argued about human nature. Match the philosopher to their view of human nature.
-Scottish commonsense philosophers

A) Human beings are naturally peaceful "noble savages".
B) Human nature is a blank slate that is shaped by culture and education.
C) Human beings are selfish and dangerous: without government there would be a war of everyone against everyone.
D) Human beings posses an innate "moral sense" that guides their actions.

Question 45

Berkeley's theory of depth perception and his philosophy of the mind later served as a basis for ________.

A) Skinner's behaviorism.
B) Lorenz's idea of imprinting.
C) E. B. Titchener's structuralism
D) Freud's theory of psychoanalysis.

Question 46

Berkeley's theory of depth perception supported his metaphysical argument that:

A) belief in an external world is more an act of faith than real Knowledge
B) children should able to perceive depth immediately from birth
C) we perceive the world realistically-as it is, without mental inferences
D) Kant's metaphysics was profoundly incorrect, even irrational

Question 47

Hume did his work in the Age of Reason, yet when it came to morality and deciding if we approve or disapprove of the action of ourselves and others it depends on ________.

A) our ability to apply reason and logic.
B) our innate moral rules.
C) common sense.
D) passion and our feelings.

Question 48

Although the concept of association of ideas is very old, only _________ made it into a central principle of mental operation, calling it the "gravity" of the mind.

A) Locke
B) Berkeley
C) Hume
D) Kant

Question 49

Which of the following thinkers was most responsible for the skeptical crisis of the 18^th century?

A) Locke
B) Berkeley
C) Hume
D) Kant

Question 50

Hume argued that our ability to form generalizations, i.e., form true beliefs,

A) is a God-given mental faculty and is therefore a reliable source of knowledge
B) results from the Transcendental Ego's imposition of the Categories of Apperception on raw sensory experience
C) depends on careful use of demonstrative logic to prove our conclusions
D) is useful in the conduct of life and is found in children and animals, but does not guarantee Truth

Question 51

Regarding our ability to form generalizations, (i.e. form true beliefs), which of the following was the view of Reid (Scottish common sense philosopher)?

A) It is a God given innate mental faculty and is therefore a reliable source of knowledge.
B) It results from the Transcendental Ego's imposition of Categories of Apperception of raw sensor experience.
C) True beliefs arise only from experience thus all true beliefs depend on one's culture and upbringing.
D) All of these.

Question 52

Regarding our ability to form generalizations, (i.e. form true beliefs), which of the following was the view of Immanuel Kant?

A) It is a God-given mental faculty and is therefore a reliable source of knowledge
B) It results from the Transcendental Ego's imposition of the Categories of Apperception on raw sensory experience
C) It depends on careful use of demonstrative logic to prove our conclusions
D) It is useful in the conduct of life and is found in children and animals, but does not guarantee Truth

Question 53

Research on Pavlovian conditioning has found that acquisition of a conditional response is fastest when the CS precedes the US by ½ second. This finding illustrates which of Hume's laws of association?

A) resemblance
B) contiguity
C) causality
D) frequency

Question 54

Kant referred to things in themselves-the world outside human perception as:

A) phenomena
B) noumena
C) ideas
D) stimuli

Question 55

The author of the text uses the Wizard of Oz to illustrate Kant's point about phenomena. Imagine the citizens of OZ had green tinted contact lens implanted in their eyes at birth. Which of the following is a TRUTH that these citizens of OZ can assert that cannot be falsified in the realm of phenomena.

A) Some things look green, and some do not.
B) Everything is green in terms of phenomenon.
C) Nothing is green in terms of phenomenon.
D) Flying monkeys are scary!

Question 56

With respect to the possibility of psychology-defined as the introspective psychology of consciousness-becoming a science, Kant argued that:

A) psychology cannot, in principle, become a real science
B) it could become an imperfect science, like meteorology
C) it can become a science if it applies the approach of Newton
D) Hume had already created a true psychological science

Question 57

Taking the next logical step past Cartesian dualism, which said that the soul's only function is thinking, La Mettrie proposed that:

A) animals have souls similar to human souls
B) humans are just soulless machines, as are animals
C) animals are incapable of learning language
D) the human soul is unique in possessing memory and imagination

Question 58

Taking over the concepts of British empiricism, Condillac and the Ideologues:

A) argued that the Transcendental Ego was the innate source of all true knowledge and beliefs.
B) argued that empiricism was a dead end, and supported Kantian idealism
C) proposed that the mind was completely empty at birth, shaped exclusively by experience
D) concluded that reason was a poor guide to life, and turned to intense emotion instead

Question 59

Some Enlightenment thinkers, especially in France, were excited by the ideas of La Mettrie and Condillac because they implied that:

A) human nature was inherently good and unchangeable
B) religious belief, though not true, was socially useful
C) in a state of nature, the life of man is solitary, nasty, brutish, and short
D) people could be easily shaped into any from society might desire

Question 60

The idea that people have an innate moral sense that intuitively distinguishes right from wrong:

A) was proposed by the Scottish common-sense philosophers
B) led to the idea that psychology could be a distinct, moral, science
C) especially influential in the United States
D) all of the above

Question 61

David Hartley strove to see the mind through Newtonian eyes. Hartley believed in the close correspondence of mind and brain and ___________.

A) he proposed parallel laws of association for both in his physiological theory.
B) yet he refused to agree with associationism, instead he argued for nativism.
C) developed a major theory of hedonism.
D) none of these.

Question 62

With respect to the possibility of psychology-defined as the introspective psychology of consciousness-becoming a science, Vico argued that

A) psychology cannot, in principle, become an organized discipline
B) it could become an imperfect science, like meteorology
C) it could become a science by applying the methods of Newton
D) because people create local cultures, the human sciences should not be modeled on the natural sciences such as physics, but on history

Question 63

Jeremy Bentham described his ideas about utilitarian hedonism with the statement, "Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, ______and ______.

A) reason, passion
B) nature, nurture
C) God, the Earth.
D) pain, pleasure

Question 64

From reading about the inhabitants of the Pacific islands, ______ concluded that in a state of nature people are "noble savages."

A) Rousseau
B) Herder
C) Condorcet
D) Berkeley

Question 65

Franz Mesmer's treatment for his patient's "functional illnesses" using mesmerism
Eventually transformed into ____________.

A) drug treatments for depression.
B) the field of career counseling.
C) the field of nursing.
D) hypnotism.

Question 66

Based on the historical events of the French Revolution, many thinkers concluded that

A) peaceful change from monarchy to democracy was not very difficult
B) the Enlightenment Project had come to a dangerous and violent end
C) violent revolution was the only path to social justice
D) none of the above

Question 67

Explain how the statement, "Let us study man as he is in order to teach him what he should be", represents the goals of the Enlightenment.

Question 68

Describe Descartes' and La Mettrie's contributions to the mechanistic conception of human thought and behavior.

Question 69

What does George Berkeley's famous motto "Esse est percipi" mean and how does it explain his answer to the question of how ideas correspond to "real objects" in the world?

Question 70

Discuss the deep similarity between Kant, Reid and Hume that lies beneath their differences?

Question 71

How did Hume show that no empirical generalization can ever be absolutely certain?

Question 72

Explain Kant's argument that there can never be a scientific psychology.

Question 73

How does Helvetius' radical environmentalism and naturalism derive from Descartes and Locke?

Question 74

Locke said that the mind had no sex and women might be educated as well as men. What did Rousseau believe about men and women and their roles in society?

Question 75

Distinguish between Naturwissenschaft and Geisteswissenschaft.

Question 76

Box 6.2 "Science, Modernity, and the Counter-Enlightenment" discusses the point that a central idea of the Enlightenment was that people should live by the light of reason alone. If this is true, should one feel guilty for their sins? (Explain your answer).

Question 77

When it comes to Nature versus Civilization which side is Rousseau on and why did he reject the Enlightenment?