Deck 12: Cognitive Science 1956-2016

Question 1

According to Noam Chomsky, Skinner's Verbal Behavior:

A) did not go far enough in pursuing a behaviorist account of language
B) was mainly common sense recast in apparently scientific language
C) provided a viable basis upon which to begin the scientific study of language
D) failed to relate animal research findings to human behavior

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Noam Chomsky identified which philosopher as his model?

A) Hume
B) Aristotle
C) Descartes
D) Berkeley

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Chomsky's thesis that language learning has an innate basis is a revival of ________ in psychology.

A) nativism
B) empiricism
C) associationism
D) the Spencerian paradigm

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Noam Chomsky demonstrated that Skinner's behaviorist approach to language was doomed to fail because:

A) human language was just too complex to be explained by S-R theory
B) it was vague and could not explain how people use syntax to understand sentences
C) language, being a product of the soul, could not be scientifically explained at all
D) it did not recognize that many types of animals can learn language similar to humans.

Question 5

Noam Chomsky's emphasis on the rule governed and symbolic nature of language helped psychology do what?

A) renew interest in cognition and shape later information processing theories.
B) renew interest in cognition and improve upon future behavioral theories of consciousness.
C) develop new statistical models for analyzing large and complex sets of research data.
D) all of these

Question 6

When John Garcia sickened rats he found that they:

A) learned to avoid the most recently ingested novel tasting liquid
B) learned to avoid the place where they got sick
C) could not learn how to avoid getting poisoned again
D) showed signs of almost human neurotic behavior

Question 7

When John Garcia sickened rats he found that they:

A) showed signs of almost human neurotic behavior
B) learned to avoid the place where they got sick
C) could not learn how to avoid getting poisoned again
D) none of these

Question 8

Garcia's work on conditioned nausea in rats and the Breland's work training animals demonstrates?

A) that animals will always associate pain and discomfort with a specific environmental location.
B) an animal's evolutionary inheritance places no limits on what it can learn given the correct reinforcement.
C) an animal's evolutionary inheritance places limits on what it can learn
D) that the laws of learning are universal across species and not specific.

Question 9

As an example of New Structuralism, Piaget's genetic epistemology is a developmental version of _________ philosophy.

A) Descartes'
B) Hume's
C) Mill's
D) Kant's

Question 10

Piaget believed that cognitive development does not grow _______ but undergoes ______ changes as a child moves from one state to another.

A) qualitatively, quantitative
B) quantitatively, qualitative
C) in a set structural series, random
D) in a logical structure, non-measurable neural

Question 11

Genetic epistemology is most centrally concerned with:

A) how human knowledge develops
B) cognitive development
C) how beliefs control behavior
D) eliminating "junkshop psychology"

Question 12

The findings from Leon Festinger's experiment (boring task) on cognitive dissonance did what?

A) showed the New Look in perception was flawed.
B) showed that Piaget's theory underestimated children's intelligence.
C) went against what would be predicted by the law of effect.
D) went against the findings of genetic epistemology and stimulated further research.

Question 13

The "New Look" in perception was inspired by the _______ theory of perception.

A) Freudian
B) Gestalt
C) Wundtian
D) neo-Kantian

Question 14

In the "New Look" research in perception, Bruner and his associates found that _____ was required for a subject to recognize a taboo word than to recognize a neutral word.

A) a shorter exposure time
B) longer exposure time
C) a positive reinforcer
D) a positive punisher

Question 15

The phenomenon of perceptual defense occurs when a person:

A) defends himself against a perceived threat
B) perceives something as a threat that really isn't
C) tries not to experience a threatening stimulus
D) refuses to look at offensive stimuli

Question 16

Explaining purpose in terms of mechanical causation-the problem that bedeviled James, Hull, and Tolman, was solved by the concept of _______________.

A) the computer program
B) adaptive consciousness
C) Skinner's tact
D) informational feedback

Question 17

A good example of a purposive device the can be used to illustrate the concept of feedback in psychology is a:

A) clock
B) b. Sun dial
C) c. Thermometer
D) d. Thermostat

Question 18

Which of the following is the best example of negative feedback?

A) the governors on old steam engines which kept their internal temperature at a constant state
B) punishing a child for bad behavior
C) the circulation of blood in the body
D) the way the intensity of a stimulus is coded by a neuron into frequency of axon potential generation

Question 19

According to the Turing Test, artificial intelligence will have been achieved when:

A) a program becomes the world's chess champion
B) computers have civil rights
C) you can't tell if you're conversing with a human or computer
D) computers can interpret one language into another

Question 20

According to the Turing Test, we may say that a machine is intelligent when it can:

A) play chess as well as any human
B) practice psychotherapy
C) win a political debate
D) fool us into thinking it is a person

Question 21

A computer that plays chess exactly as grandmasters do would be an example of:

A) artificial intelligence
B) computer simulation
C) task analysis
D) heuristic programming

Question 22

Although early computers were called "electronic brains," computers really think with their:

A) circuitry
B) programs
C) core memories
D) terminal emulators

Question 23

As opposed to artificial intelligence, the goal of computer simulation is to:

A) get computers to do anything humans can do
B) make robots that can see, hear, and move around
C) make models of complex systems such as the weather
D) imitate the human mind by having computers think in the same ways people do

Question 24

Pure artificial intelligence (AI) seeks to __________. A good example of pure AI today is _________ programs.

A) imitate human behavior; airport control tower
B) imitate human behavior; chess playing
C) imitate the human mind; weather forecasting
D) imitate the human mind; Angry Bird phone App

Question 25

Findings from artificial intelligence suggest that computers can:

A) do anything people can do
B) not do anything that people can do
C) do what people find hard, but not what they find easy
D) do what people find easy, but not what they find hard

Question 26

Donald Broadbent (1958) proposed a mechanical model of attention and short term memory using balls dropped into a Y-shaped tube. He argued that psychologists should think of input from the senses not as physical stimuli but as________.

A) neural stimuli
B) information
C) habits
D) all of these

Question 27

In the 1960s, psychologists were influenced by work in artificial intelligence. As a consequence, they started to cast their theories in terms of:

A) mediational S-R mechanisms
B) working computer programs
C) information processing
D) conscious introspection

Question 28

Newell, Shaw, and Simon's "Elements of a Theory of Problem Solving," appeared in 1958 and claimed that their computer program solved problems and it also _______________.

A) solved them in a much superior way to humans.
B) solved them the same way humans did.
C) would someday in the future solve them the way humans did.
D) got them a cold drink, the newspaper and their slippers.

Question 29

According to information processing psychologists, introspection:

A) provides valid descriptions of mental processes
B) is a basic tool for understanding the mind
C) reveals little or nothing of cognitive processes
D) doesn't exist

Question 30

Which of the following forms of behaviorism merged most easily with information processing psychology?

A) radical behaviorism
B) neurophysiological, behaviorism
C) mediational behaviorism
D) mentalistic behaviorism

Question 31

According to cognitive science, computers and people are alike in that both:

A) use language
B) have memories
C) have CPUs
D) are informavores

Question 32

According to the cognitive theory of mind called functionalism, the mind is:

A) an illusion-it does not exist
B) the set of stimuli to which we are currently responding
C) what the brain does-its program
D) equivalent to consciousness

Question 33

If you conclude that your mind is running a computational program that runs your body similar to a computer program controlling a computer you are most likely a?

A) Behaviorist
B) S-R mediationalist
C) New Look member
D) Functionalist

Question 34

The New Functionalism views cognitive psychologists like computer programmers. However, they dare not fool with the machine's wiring so they attempt to understand its program by?

A) experimenting with input-output functions.
B) experimenting with the circuit boards and memory chips.
C) experimenting with the human user and not the machine itself.
D) creating a new program that will become pure AI.

Question 35

The concept of the homunculus refers to the idea that:

A) the mind is like a computer program
B) human behavior is uniquely different from animal behavior
C) human behavior can be explained by Hull's mathematical principles
D) behavior is controlled by a "little man" in a person's body

Question 36

Using the ideas put forth by Daniel Dennett, imagine you put your money in a soda machine and it doesn't give you your soda. Which of the following best represents your adopting an intentional stance toward the soda machine?

A) "The cans must be jammed inside; maybe if I shake it one will come loose".
B) "Maybe it's out of everything"
C) "This machine has decided to steal my money"
D) "I personally hate this machine and I choose never to use it again"

Question 37

Sally tells her professor, "My term paper will be late, my computer decided to delete it last night and then punish me by refusing to reboot." Daniel Dennett would argue that Sally _________.

A) needs to look at the deep structure behind her sentence as suggested by Chomsky.
B) is engaging in "reduction ad absurdum" when it comes to her verbal behavior.
C) has adopted an intentional stance toward her computer.
D) should simply tell her professor her dog ate her term paper.

Question 38

Daniel Dennett's robot (R1) is faced with the problem of getting a spare battery in a wagon, locked in a room with a time bomb. R1 and his descendants are facing a problem called ________?

A) reduction ad absurdum
B) the intentional stance problem
C) Neurocentrism
D) none of these

Question 39

Daniel Dennett's robot (R1) is faced with the problem of getting a spare battery in a wagon, locked in a room with a time bomb. R1 and his descendants are facing a problem called ________?

A) reduction ad absurdum
B) the intentional stance problem
C) Neurocentrism
D) the frame problem

Question 40

The basic notion behind cognitive science is the idea that:

A) cognition is a biological process
B) all cognizers, regardless of physical makeup, think the same way
C) epistemology has much to learn from computer science
D) humans and machines are conscious

Question 41

The hypothesis that links together artificial intelligence and human cognition is the idea that:

A) both machines and people are symbol users
B) psychological theories may be written as computer programs
C) computers are learning to speak English
D) both humans and computers are physical devices

Question 42

In a computer, representations of the world are processed entirely in terms of their:

A) semantics-what they mean, what they are about
B) syntax-their formal properties as strings of 0s and 1s
C) intentionality-what they point to in the world
D) all of these

Question 43

When Sally was first learning to drive a stick shift manual transmission car she paid thoughtful attention to everything she did. Now months later it's all automatic and she just does it. In Smolensky's (1988) framework of cognition Sally's driving has gone from:

A) being a PC to a mainframe computer
B) engaging the conscious processor to the intuitive processor
C) being attentive to being rule following
D) representing structuralism to being an example of formalism.

Question 44

In terms of conscious and intuitive processors, which of the following frameworks views the conscious processor and intuitive processors as both being rule-following and rule governing systems?

A) the new connectionists
B) the symbol system
C) the Wugs
D) the Cartesians

Question 45

In terms of conscious and intuitive processors, the New Connectionists believe that human behavior is rule-following only _______.

A) when it falls within the boundaries of the mind's eye view of cognition
B) at the conscious level
C) at the intuitive level
D) none of these

Question 46

In terms of conscious and intuitive processors, the New Connectionists believe that human behavior is rule-following only _______.

A) when it falls within the boundaries of the mind's eye view of cognition
B) when there are moral rules or religion involved.
C) at the intuitive level
D) none of these

Question 47

The philosopher Daniel Dennett proposes a Multiple Drafts Model of consciousness in which human consciousness is seen as a virtual machine installed by _______ on the brain's parallel processor.

A) genetics
B) God
C) embodied cognition
D) socialization

Question 48

In discussing Daniel Dennett's model of consciousness, the author of the text suggests that animals are like _______ while humans are more like _____.

A) hardwired real calculators; general purpose computers
B) general purpose computers, hardwired real calculators
C) infant children, older adults
D) clocks, thermostats

Question 49

The recent alliance between the symbol system and connectionists approaches revived the Path through Physiology. The name for the field that represents the New Path through Physiology is called _______ , a name invented by George Miller and Michael Gazzaniga.

A) reverse cognitive engineering
B) structuralism
C) cognitive neuroscience
D) brain simulation science

Question 50

The new movement in cognitive science that rejects entirely or in part the symbol-system conception of mind (i.e. Cartesian cognitive science) is known as:

A) intuitive science
B) embodied cognition
C) formalism
D) the neural network approach.

Question 51

In a study supporting embodied cognition, only skilled basketball players watching a video of a free-throw new if it would be a basket or not because:

A) they had better visual acuity.
B) they were better at computational cognitive processing
C) they had more bodily experience making free throws
D) they had faster physical reaction times than other subjects

Question 52

When it comes to discussing Descartes description of the mind (Copy theory) the advocates of embodied cognition and radical behaviorism (Skinner) tend to _____.

A) agree, they wind up with the same picture of psychology
B) both take a realist view of perception.
C) believes the body responds to the world at the point of contact, copies are a waste of time.
D) all of these

Question 53

What was Chomsky's basic quarrel with Skinner's Verbal Behavior? Give some specific examples.

Question 54

Chomsky claimed that human beings are not simply complicated rats. Explain how the work of the Breland's ("The Misbehavior of Organisms") and the research on "conditioned nausea" by Garcia support Chomsky's claim.

Question 55

What is cognitive dissonance? What is the "New Look" in perception? What impact did these two concepts have on psychology?

Question 56

Explain how the household thermostat is an example of a purposive machine. Discuss the implications of the concept of "feedback" for Tolman's Map Reader or the Ghost in the Machine? Why is feedback important to the information-processing account of psychology?

Question 57

What is the Turing Test? What is the goal of reverse engineering as it applies to AI? Distinguish artificial intelligence and computer simulation

Question 58

The author of the text argues that the cognitive revolution was an illusion. Do you agree or disagree and defend your answer.

Question 59

Using similarities between a computer and human beings explain what is functionalism? How does functionalism and information processing offer a solution the behaviorist's problem?

Question 60

Explain the Challenge of Intentionality for the information processing approach. What does Daniel Dennett mean by adopting the "intentional stance".

Question 61

Describe John Searle's Chinese Room and summarize his criticism of the Turing Test? Explain the difference between weak AI and strong AI.

Question 62

Is it possible to formalize human knowledge and problem-solving skills as a set of computerized rules? Summarize Daniel Dennett's frame problem story.

Question 63

Describe the New Connectionism and explain the difference between sequential and parallel computer processing.

Question 64

Describe Smolensky's framework of cognition that distinguishes between conscious and intuitive processors. Compare and contrast how the symbol system views conscious and intuitive processors with that of the new connectionists.

Question 65

Explain how the field of cognitive neuroscience is in a sense now an alliance between the symbol system and connectionists. Explain how Dennett's Multiple Drafts Model of consciousness views consciousness is a virtual machine installed by socialization.

Question 66

Why do the advocates of embodies cognition seem to reject a basic assumption of computationalism (i.e. the mind is running a computer program)? Give an example of how embodied cognition studies the role of the body in producing intelligent behavior and or the thesis of the extended mind.

Question 67

Explain how in some manner embodied cognition and radical behaviorism seem to …"wind up with the same picture of psychology: the study of the organism in direct interaction with the environment, unmediated by thought".

Question 68

What is "deep learning," and why is it important to cognitive psychology?

Question 69

Describe the reproducibility crisis, its causes and possible cures.