Deck 18: Social Cognition and Attitudes

Question 1

Social cognition is a broad area of:

A) social neuroscience
B) social identity theory
C) social psychology
D) cognitive neuropsychology

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What are the two main approaches of social cognition?

A) Social cognition and social identity theory
B) Social identity theory and personal identity theory
C) Social thinking and social cognition
D) Social thinking and social identity theory

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The social cognition approach relies on methodologies and models derived from:

A) behavioural psychology
B) functionalism
C) cognitive psychology
D) positive psychology

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The focus of the social cognition approach is on:

A) how social perceivers respond to social situations
B) how people store social information in memory
C) how people process social information
D) all of the above

Question 5

Social identity approaches originated with the work of:

A) Allport
B) Rosenberg
C) Cacioppo
D) Tajfel

Question 6

Social identity theorists believe that people have a preference for:

A) a congruent self-concept instead of an incongruent self-concept.
B) a positive self-concept instead of a negative self-concept.
C) a balanced self-concept instead of an unbalanced self-concept.
D) a coherent self-concept instead of an incoherent self-concept.

Question 7

Our self-concept, according to social identity theorists, is defined in terms of our social identity and our:

A) cultural identity
B) national identity
C) personal identity
D) biological identity

Question 8

According to Tajfel (1981), social psychology must strongly reject:

A) individualism
B) interactionism
C) behaviourism
D) structuralism

Question 9

Tajfel was instrumental in rejecting what he saw as the excess of pure _________ theory.

Question 10

Tajfel believed that social psychology must reject ___________ and reductionism. He criticized how social psychology addressed to much the individual as opposed to the ________.

Question 11

According to social ________ theorists, people have a preference for a positive __________ instead of a negative one.

Question 12

What was Tajfel's main criticism to social psychology?

Question 13

What's the main difference in social cognition between humans and higher primates?

Question 14

With reference to your textbook, which social skills in particular gave the Homo sapiens an evolutionary advantage?

Question 15

What is 'social comparison'?

Question 16

The Neanderthals appear to have evolved sophisticated social skills at the expense of visual and motor skills.

Question 17

Human culture is not innate, but it is learned through high levels of processing ability.

Question 18

For Allport, social psychology should be concerned with the behaviour and conscious processes of individuals, as opposed to groups.

Question 19

According to Allport, what should be the main focus of social psychology?

A) The group
B) The society
C) The individual
D) The family

Question 20

__________ refers to the set of beliefs or knowledge that people have about themselves.

A) Self-idea
B) Self-esteem
C) Self-concept
D) Self-respect

Question 21

The general idea is that the self-concept is composed of:

A) a limited number of ideas regarding the self.
B) a general unique identity.
C) multiple aspects of the self and multiple identities.
D) only one identity that may change across time.

Question 22

_________ are mental representations of the different identities and facets of the self.

A) Self-cognitions
B) Self-scripts
C) Self-heuristics
D) Self-schemas

Question 23

Cognitive representations of the different identities that make up the self-concept are:

A) dynamic and responsive to context.
B) dynamic but not particularly responsive to the environment.
C) static and fixed.
D) not responsive to general context but may be influenced by social interactions.

Question 24

What is the relationship between self-schemas and information processing?

A) Information processing and self-schemas are two independent entities.
B) Self-schemas guide information processing.
C) Self-schemas rarely guide information processing.
D) Information processing is mostly independent from self-schemas.

Question 25

What type of characteristics we hold a self-schema for?

A) Aspects of the self that we would want to possess.
B) Aspects of the self that we are sure we possess.
C) Aspects of the self that we are about to accomplish.
D) Aspects of the self that are not important to us.

Question 26

"Self-aschematic" means:

A) having disorganized self-schemas.
B) not having a self-schema.
C) having only one unique self-concept.
D) not being influenced by self-schemas.

Question 27

Jane is very proud of her dancing abilities, but she does not mind her total lack of skills at cooking. Jane is:

A) self-schematic for both dancing and cooking skills.
B) self-aschematic for both dancing and cooking skills.
C) self-schematic for dancing skills and self-aschematic for cooking skills.
D) self-aschematic for dancing skills and self-schematic for cooking skills.

Question 28

According to Higgin's (1987) self-discrepancy theory, the self-concept consists of an:

A) actual self
B) ideal self
C) ought self
D) all of the above

Question 29

According to the self-discrepancy theory (Higgin, 1987), the ________ self corresponds to who we think we should be.

A) should
B) must
C) ought
D) potential

Question 30

Social identity approaches argue that we possess __________ identities and also __________ identities.

Question 31

The self-discrepancy theory suggests that the self-concept includes a(n) _________ self, a(n) _________ self, and a(n) __________ self.

Question 32

Bem's (1972) ___________ theory argues that because introspective knowledge of the self is rather sketchy, we learn about ourselves by a process of ____________, observing our own behaviour and the situation in which occurs and inferring the reasons behind that behaviour.

Question 33

How do people come to an understanding of themselves according to the social comparison theory?

Question 34

In one of Benjamin Franklin's famous quotes, what is so hard that it is compared to diamond and steel?

Question 35

According to most social psychologists, what are the three fundamental motives that affect how we seek and respond to information about the self?

Question 36

What is the fourth motive that affects our search for information that helps to 'better' the self?

Question 37

Research suggests that human beings are not so much interested in knowing about the truth about the self, but they are more interested in knowing positive stuff about the self.

Question 38

The motives for self-assessment predict that we seek information that confirms what we think we already know about ourselves.

Question 39

Describe the three fundamental motives that affect how we seek and respond to information about the self.

Question 40

What is the evaluative component of the self-concept?

A) Self-assessment
B) Self-esteem
C) Self-improvement
D) Self-verification

Question 41

Which of the following items is a famous explicit measure of self-esteem?

A) The Rosenberg's 10-item scale
B) The IAT
C) Leary's sociometer questionnaire
D) The Likert scale self-assessment

Question 42

What is one of the main problems of explicit measures of self-esteem?

A) They are difficult to deliver.
B) People don't always have accurate introspective access.
C) They explore very personal facets of self-concept.
D) They are too expensive.

Question 43

The implicit association test:

A) is an implicit test of self-esteem.
B) is an implicit test that can be adopted to measure self-esteem.
C) is an implicit test that cannot be used to measure self-esteem.
D) is rarely used to measure self-esteem.

Question 44

__________ is the desire to maintain, protect, and improve one's self-esteem.

A) Self-assessment
B) Self-awareness
C) Self-enhancement
D) Self-verification

Question 45

The ________ theory is based on the assumption that, because human beings are intelligent creatures, we are all painfully aware of our own mortality.

A) mortality
B) human big awareness
C) terror management
D) fear of death

Question 46

According to Leary and colleagues (1995), self-esteem acts as a(n):

A) anxiety buffer
B) protective layer
C) sociometer
D) social bearings

Question 47

_________ is a transient state of self-focus that occurs in particular situations, but also a general ability to distinguish ourselves from the external environment.

A) Self-consciousness
B) Self-assessment
C) Self-awareness
D) Self-esteem

Question 48

The capacity of self-awareness is thought to develop around the age of:

A) 6 months
B) 12 months
C) 18 months
D) 2 year

Question 49

What is the rouge test?

Question 50

How is the tendency for chronic self-awareness called?

Question 51

In empirical research, what situational factors can prompt and/or increase self-awareness?

Question 52

A distinction can be made between ________ self-awareness, in which attention is directed at personal and inward aspects of the self, and __________ self-awareness, in which attention is directed at external aspects of the self as they appear to others.

Question 53

In the presence of a mirror people have a high sense of _________ self-awareness and may adjust their behaviour in line with __________ norms.

Question 54

Social __________ refers to the way in which we process social information to form impressions of and make judgements about others.

Question 55

Social inferences based on heuristics consist of a careful and systematic processing of social information.

Question 56

The processing of social information based on heuristics is fast and automatic.

Question 57

The phrase 'motivated scientist' has been used to describe how people systematically assemble information to form impressions and make judgements.

Question 58

Discuss how people can be described as 'naïve scientists', 'cognitive misers', and 'motivated tacticians' in the context of social inference.

Question 59

People do not always have the time and mental capacity to make social inferences based on systematic and careful evaluations of social information. Therefore, people act as ____________ and use mental shortcuts.

A) naïve scientists
B) motivated tacticians
C) cognitive misers
D) accurate scientists

Question 60

__________ are quick and experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery that give a solution not guaranteed to be optimal.

A) Schemas
B) Heuristics
C) Scripts
D) Biases

Question 61

Heuristics are:

A) experience-based
B) simple rules
C) error-prone
D) all of the above

Question 62

Which of the following heuristics assesses how similar a particular target is to a typical member of that category?

A) Representative heuristic
B) Availability heuristic
C) Anchoring heuristic
D) Adjustment heuristic

Question 63

Which of the following heuristics refers to the fact that events or associations that come readily to mind are considered to be more common and prevalent than they really are?

A) Representative heuristic
B) Availability heuristic
C) Anchoring heuristic
D) Adjustment heuristic

Question 64

What purpose do attribution theories serve?

A) Avoiding attributional biases based on negative stereotypes.
B) Defining ourselves through the comparison with others.
C) Allocating a particular person to a broader category based on features, traits or attributes.
D) Explaining and predicting how other people will behave.

Question 65

Which of the following is a dispositional attribution?

A) Arrogance
B) Social skills
C) Curiosity
D) All of the above

Question 66

Trait inferences are an example of:

A) internal attribution
B) external attribution
C) situational attribution
D) social attribution

Question 67

According to Kelley (1967), what three types of information are used by people to make either internal or external attributions?

Question 68

According to Weiner's (1986) attribution theory, what are the three dimensions of causality when we make attributions about succeeding or failing on a task?

Question 69

What does 'locus' refer to in Weiner's (1986) attribution theory?

Question 70

External attributions are attributions based on people's external factors, such as facial features, clothes, hairstyle, etc.

Question 71

According to Kelley's (1967) attribution theory, if both the distinctiveness and the consensus of a behaviour are high, we tend to make an external attribution.

Question 72

Saying that our best friend obtained a really high mark because she/he is very intelligent is an example of internal attribution.

Question 73

With reference to Weiner's (1986) attribution theory, which of the following achievement attributions is internal, stable, and uncontrollable?

A) Mood
B) Task difficulty
C) Ability
D) Luck

Question 74

With reference to Weiner's (1986) attribution theory, which of the following achievement attributions is external, unstable, and uncontrollable?

A) Mood
B) Task difficulty
C) Ability
D) Luck

Question 75

What is the best-known attribution bias?

A) False consensus bias
B) Actor-observer bias
C) Correspondence bias
D) Stereotype

Question 76

The correspondence bias is also known as:

A) fundamental attribution error
B) actor-observer effect
C) consensus effect
D) internal-external attribution bias

Question 77

People are more likely to focus on internal causes of behaviour when making attributions about others' behaviour, and to external causes when making attributions about their own behaviour. This asymmetry in attribution is known as:

A) fundamental attribution bias
B) actor-observer effect
C) correspondence bias
D) false consensus effect

Question 78

What are the two most likely causes of the actor-observer effect?

Question 79

What is the 'false consensus effect'?

Question 80

Why can stereotypes be viewed as a form of heuristic?