Deck 17: Social Development

Question 1

__________ identified six innate and universal emotions.

A) Darwin
B) Bandura
C) Ekman
D) Piaget

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The __________ emotions theory suggests that there are several innate emotional responses that are expressed and recognized universally.

A) discrete
B) biological
C) natural
D) six

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In line with the social learning theory, Haviland and Lelwica (1987) found that when mothers displayed an angry or sad face, their 10-week-old infants:

A) spent less time looking at them.
B) responded with smiles and happy faces.
C) preferred to be held by a stranger who displayed a happy face instead.
D) adopted the appropriate matching facial expression.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The discrete emotions theory underestimates the role of _________ in the emergence of emotions.

A) genes
B) context
C) nature
D) temperament

Question 5

What approach to emotion emphasizes the way in which emotions serve as a mean of working towards relational goals?

A) The social learning theory approach
B) The dynamic systems approach
C) The functionalist approach
D) The discrete emotions theory approach

Question 6

According to a functionalist approach, the emotion of fear:

A) is linked with a series of action tendencies which enable us to escape from dangerous situations.
B) is learned by observing the fearful response of the caregiver to a threatening stimulus.
C) is not innate but originates from social-environmental factors.
D) is not present before the age of 10 years.

Question 7

The ___________ posits a complex interplay between children's developing brain, their bodily sensations and experiences, and social-environmental factors.

A) functionalist approach
B) social learning theory
C) discrete emotions theory
D) dynamic systems perspective

Question 8

Which of the following emotions is not one of the six basic emotions proposed by Paul Ekman?

A) Anger
B) Surprise
C) Shame
D) Disgust

Question 9

Which of the following adjectives can be associated to the description of emotions according to the discrete emotions theory?

A) Universal
B) Culturally specific
C) Unstable
D) Learned

Question 10

During the first few months of infancy, infants' expressions of emotion tend to appropriately _________ the expressions displayed by their caregivers.

Question 11

__________ is the first recognizable emotional expression to appear, initially in the form of __________.

Question 12

What are the two global arousal states observable in early infancy?

Question 13

When do the first 'social smiles' appear in infancy?

Question 14

What is the first response of an infant to unpleasant stimuli and situations?

Question 15

The first recognizable emotional expression to appear is anger.

Question 16

Stanger anxiety cannot be observed before the age of 1 year.

Question 17

When do infants begin to laugh?

A) From birth
B) Within the first few weeks of life
C) By 3-4 months
D) At the age of 12 months

Question 18

When do the first 'social smiles' appear in infancy?

A) By 6-10 weeks
B) By 3-6 weeks
C) By 3-4 months
D) Immediately after birth

Question 19

When do infants start to show signs of fear towards strangers?

A) Around 3 months
B) Around 6 months
C) Around 9 months
D) After 12 months

Question 20

The emergence of stranger anxiety in infants coincides with:

A) the beginning of non-parental child care
B) the development of close attachment relations with caregivers
C) the development of Theory of Mind
D) the emergence of self-conscious emotions

Question 21

_____________ refers to the ability of reading the emotional reactions of others to help to inform our behaviour in ambiguous situations.

A) Social learning
B) Social imitation
C) Social interpretation
D) Social referencing

Question 22

Which of the following experimental paradigms has been used to study the phenomenon known as social referencing?

A) The Bobo doll experiment
B) The strange situation procedure
C) The unexpected transfer task
D) The visual cliff experiment

Question 23

What emotion is most likely to emerge in infants in response to instances where specific goals have been thwarted?

A) Anger
B) Sadness
C) Disgust
D) Surprise

Question 24

The emergence of emotions such as shame, embarrassment, and pride in children seems to be particularly associated with an increase in:

A) social interactions with peers
B) social experiences
C) self-awareness
D) Theory of mind

Question 25

How do self-conscious emotions (e.g. shame, embarrassment) differ from more basic emotions (e.g. fear, anger)?

Question 26

What is a 'mastery smile'?

Question 27

Provide an example of an emotion whose experience requires the ability of the infant to make self-evaluations.

Question 28

Provide an example of a self-conscious emotion that may be triggered by low-level processes and not necessarily by complex self-evaluations.

Question 29

___________ refers to individual differences in children's emotional experiences and responses which are thought to be __________ based and relative __________ over time.

Question 30

According to Thomas, Chess, and Birch (1970), infants who are negative in mood, high in intensity, and low in adaptability, approach, and rhythmicity are said to have a(n) __________ temperament.

Question 31

Discuss the nine biologically based characteristics of children's temperament according to Thomas, Chess, and Birch (1970).

Question 32

Infants' individual differences in temperament are believed to be influenced mostly by environmental factors, such as parental style and diet.

Question 33

The three types of infants' temperament described by Thomas, Chess, and Birch (1970) are negative temperament, positive temperament, and slow-to-warm-up temperament.

Question 34

Infants with slow-to-warm-up temperament are slightly negative in mood, mild in intensity, and low in adaptability, approach, and activity.

Question 35

Which of the following is not one of the nine characteristics of infants' temperament proposed by Thomas, Chess, and Birch (1970)?

A) Level of motor activity
B) Novelty seeking
C) Intensity of responses
D) General mood

Question 36

One of the nine characteristics of infants' temperament proposed by Thomas, Chess, and Birch (1970) is intensity of:

A) responses
B) attention
C) distractibility
D) withdrawal

Question 37

Which of the following characteristics is not typical of an infant with an easy temperament, according to Thomas, Chess, and Birch (1970)?

A) High approach
B) High rhythmicity
C) Positive mood
D) High intensity

Question 38

Which of the following characteristics is not typical of an infant with a slow-to-warm-up temperament, according to Thomas, Chess, and Birch (1970)?

A) Negative mood
B) Mild intensity
C) High adaptability
D) Low approach

Question 39

Which of the following characteristics is typical of an infant with a difficult temperament, according to Thomas, Chess, and Birch (1970)?

A) Low rhythmicity
B) Positive mood
C) Mild intensity
D) High adaptability

Question 40

According to Rothbart, temperament can be understood in terms of three broad dimensions:

A) difficult emotionality, easy emotionality, and extraversion/surgency.
B) negative emotionality, effortful control, and extraversion/surgency.
C) difficult emotionality, effortful control, and adaptability.
D) intensity of responses, effortful control, and adaptability.

Question 41

Select the correct definition of 'conspec'.

A) A pattern of play in which children play together in a way designed to achieve joint goals.
B) The idea that genetic differences between children make them more or less susceptible to environmental influences.
C) A primitive mechanism that draws infants' attention to members of the same species.
D) The purposeful regulation of behaviour, cognition, emotion, and attention.

Question 42

Morton and Johnson (1991) formulated the concept of 'conspec' after studies on:

A) infants' inbuilt orientation to human faces.
B) infants' emotional regulation.
C) infants' attachment to caregivers.
D) infants' social learning.

Question 43

Infants can mimic or match the facial expressions of others:

A) after the first 6 months of life
B) a few weeks after birth
C) after 1 year of age
D) a few hours after birth

Question 44

__________ neurons are brain cells that respond in a similar way whether we make a behavioural gesture ourselves or witness another person making the same or a similar gesture.

A) Mirror
B) Social
C) Imitation
D) Interactional

Question 45

Preverbal conversation in infants emerges:

A) three weeks after birth
B) by the first month of life
C) by 2-4 months of age
D) after 6 months of age

Question 46

The two-way communication in which infant and caregiver match their emotional states in a rhythmic way is known as ______________.

Question 47

___________ may serve as a key marker of reciprocally positive social relations. In fact, __________ triggers reward circuits in the brain.

Question 48

The _________ paradigm is used to show infants' reactions to an unresponsive social partner.

Question 49

How do infants usually react when their mothers remain entirely unresponsive to them during an interaction?

Question 50

Which neurons are thought to be responsible for young infants' ability to imitate simple actions including manipulating parts of their bodies they cannot see?

Question 51

Distinguish between proto-imperative pointing and proto-declarative pointing.

Question 52

After the first 2 months of life, infants begin to show signs of joint attention.

Question 53

Proto-imperative pointing refers to the infant's gesture indicating to their social partner that they desire an object.

Question 54

Describe the three main phases of attachment described by Bowlby (1969).

Question 55

________ refers to the close emotional bond formed between a child and caregiver during the first year of life.

A) Affection
B) Closeness
C) Attachment
D) Interaction

Question 56

The propensity to form an attachment relationship is determined by _________ factors.

A) cultural
B) biological
C) social
D) contextual

Question 57

Infants' attachment __________ system is designed to maintain proximity to the attachment figure in times of distress or threat.

A) genetic
B) biological
C) cognitive
D) behavioural

Question 58

In the __________ phase, infants show a range of social behaviours that bring about social contact with others, without being directed at any specific person.

A) preattachment
B) attachment in the making
C) separation
D) clear-cut attachment

Question 59

___________ manifests in the form of protesting and distress when an attachment figure leaves.

A) Stranger anxiety
B) Strange situation anxiety
C) Separation anxiety
D) Abandon anxiety

Question 60

__________ is the idea, originally supported by Bowlby, that infants have an inbuilt bias to form an exclusive attachment to one main figure only.

Question 61

Research shows that fathers tend to engage in more challenging play with their infants, which is thought to be crucial for promoting ___________ behaviour.

Question 62

Internal __________ models are organized mental representations of the general expectations about the interactions with caregivers.

Question 63

Although attachment has a strong biological basis, the quality of the attachment relationship is dependent on the infant's ___________

Question 64

In __________ attachment, the infant uses the caregiver as a safe base from which to explore or to which they can return in times of distress.

Question 65

Secure attachment can change to insecure attachment following one or more negative life event.

Question 66

The strange situation procedure is used to study the emergence of Theory of Mind in children.

Question 67

Individual differences in adults' and adolescents' attachment can be measured using in-depth semi-structured interviews and questionnaires.

Question 68

What procedure, introduced by Ainsworth and colleagues (1978), is the gold-standard measure for assessing attachment status in infants?

Question 69

What is a central aspect of attachment behaviour assessed by the strange situation procedure?

Question 70

Describe the structured sequence of episodes of a classical strange situation procedure.

Question 71

What does the stranger do in a classical strange situation procedure?

A) The stranger shows signs of aggressive behaviour towards the caregiver.
B) The stranger show signs of aggressive behaviour towards the child.
C) The stranger speaks to the caregiver and approaches the child.
D) The stranger ignores both the caregiver and the child.

Question 72

In Ainsworth et al. (1978), children labelled as Type B were classified as:

A) secure
B) insecure-anxious avoidant
C) insecure-anxious resistant
D) insecure-disorganized/disoriented

Question 73

Which of the following attachment styles was not included in the original classification by Ainsworth et al. (1978)?

A) secure
B) insecure-anxious avoidant
C) insecure-anxious resistant
D) insecure-disorganized/disoriented

Question 74

What does AAI stand for?

A) Attachment Anxiety Index
B) Adult Anxiety Interview
C) Adult Attachment Interview
D) Attachment Anxiety Interview

Question 75

According to the classification provided by the AAI, __________ adults tend to withdraw from or dismiss emotional experiences.

A) preoccupied
B) autonomous
C) insecure
D) avoidant

Question 76

Which of the following adult attachment classification categories is not part of the AAI?

A) Autonomous
B) Dismissing
C) Resistant
D) Preoccupied

Question 77

What type of adult attachment pattern best describes a person whose infant attachment behaviour was classified as 'insecure-anxious resistant'?

A) Autonomous
B) Dismissing
C) Preoccupied
D) Unresolved/disorganized

Question 78

Stevnis a 3-year old boy who very rarely uses his mother as a secure base. When his mum shows up at day care to pick him up, Steve shows little emotion, sometimes he even ignores her. If you were a developmental psychologist how would you classify Steve's attachment style?

A) Secure
B) Insecure-anxious avoidant
C) Insecure-anxious resistant
D) Insecure-disorganized

Question 79

Maternal __________ indicates the degree to which a mother is sensitive and responsive to her infant's signals and needs.

A) sensitivity
B) responsiveness
C) mind-mindedness
D) empathy

Question 80

Studies show that differences in the levels of maternal sensitivity are particularly linked to variations in infants':

A) Desire reasoning
B) attachment
C) moral development
D) self-regulation