Deck 10: Emotion

Question 1

The experience of an affective state that occurs in response to a specific internal or external stimulus is defined as a(n) __________.

Answer 1

emotion

Question 2

William James believed that our __________ reactions to emotional events make our experience an emotional experience.

Answer 2

bodily/body

Question 3

Who believed that our sense of emotion is given by bodily changes that occur following an emotional event?

Answer 3

William James

Question 4

How do we experience an emotion according to William James?

Question 5

What determines an emotional experience according to James?

A) Cognitive appraisal
B) The emotional event/stimulus
C) Bodily changes
D) Environmental cues

Question 6

Who wrote that "without the bodily states following on the perception, the latter would be purely cognitive in form"?

A) Ekman
B) James
C) Schachter
D) Treisman

Question 7

According to James, which of the following elements will give rise to the emotional experience?

A) The emotional event
B) The interpretation of the emotional event
C) The bodily changes in response to the emotional events
D) None of the above

Question 8

To William James an emotion is initiated as a(n) __________ experience.

Question 9

For William James emotion involves perceiving certain objects as attractive or repulsive which then leads to the preparation of an action.

Question 10

What is emotion according to Arnold?

A) A state of action planning
B) A state of action readiness
C) A state of action promptness
D) A state of action initiation

Question 11

James's __________ theory argues that the emotional state is given by changes in physiological activation. Arnold's __________ theory, on the other hand, suggests that the cause of emotion is the perception that an event is personally relevant.

Question 12

The process of evaluation of an event in terms of its significance or relevance is said to be a(n) __________.

Question 13

Discuss the main differences between James's feedback theory and Arnold's appraisal theory.

Question 14

Define the 'specificity hypothesis' according to James.

Question 15

What two hypotheses can be derived from James's theory of emotion?

Question 16

Which of the following, according to James, is the correct sequence of events characterizing an emotional response?

A) Perception of exciting fact  bodily changes  emotion
B) Perception of exciting fact  emotion  bodily changes
C) Bodily changes  perception of exciting fact  emotion
D) Bodily changes  emotion  perception of exciting fact

Question 17

Patterns of bodily change:

A) are consequences of emotion
B) are causes of emotion
C) are difficult to distinguish between different emotions
D) cannot be used to interpret the emotional state

Question 18

Which of the following is a fundamental element of Arnold's theory of emotion?

A) Feedback
B) Categorization
C) Appraisal
D) Analysis

Question 19

Which of the following, according to Arnold, is the correct sequence of events characterizing an emotional response?

A) Bodily changes  appraisal  action readiness
B) Bodily changes  action readiness  appraisal
C) Appraisal  bodily changes  action readiness
D) Appraisal  action readiness  bodily changes

Question 20

For __________ the increased heart rate follows the appraisal of an event.

A) Watson
B) Arnold
C) Freud
D) Darwin

Question 21

According to __________ bodily changes __________ an emotion.

A) James; precede
B) James; follow
C) Arnold; precede
D) Arnold; follow

Question 22

What can be measured in experiments investigating emotions?

A) Physiological activation
B) Facial expressions
C) Appraisal changes
D) All of the above

Question 23

For feedback theory, __________ and __________ can cause emotions which are then measured by __________ or __________.

Question 24

For feedback theory, producing a __________ will cause people to feel happy.

Question 25

Name three elements that can be manipulated to study emotion.

Question 26

According to what theory does the appreciation of an event as personally relevant cause an emotional state?

Question 27

Name 2 common physiological effects of anger.

Question 28

Blood __________ is a __________ measure of emotion.

Question 29

ANS stands for Autonomic nervous subunit.

Question 30

Which part of the human nervous system controls and regulate the visceral and organic components of emotion?

Question 31

Name at least three physiological reactions that can be measured with non-invasive procedures.

Question 32

Where are the two electrodes usually placed when measuring skin conductance?

A) On the neck
B) On the cheek
C) On the hand
D) On the chest

Question 33

High-arousal states can be detected by:

A) drier skin
B) sweaty palms
C) paler skin tone
D) none of the above

Question 34

Autonomic activity can be manipulated using __________, such as adrenaline, or __________.

Question 35

__________ is measured by passing a small electric current between two electrodes attached to the palm.

Question 36

Electrodes to measure electrodermal activity can be attached either to the fingers or to the palm.

Question 37

Ax (1953) manipulated autonomic activity by administering drugs to his participants.

Question 38

Which of the following terms refers to the fact that different emotions are characterized by distinct physiological changes?

A) Emotion specificity
B) Response specificity
C) Autonomic specificity
D) Activation specificity

Question 39

In Ax's (1953) experiment, the fear condition involved:

A) greater muscular tension
B) increased blood pressure
C) decreased heart rate
D) increased skin conductance

Question 40

In Ax's (1953) experiment, the anger condition did not involve:

A) increased respiration rate
B) increased blood pressure
C) decreased heart rate
D) greater muscular tension

Question 41

What is the main critique to Ax's (1953) experiment?

Question 42

What is the best way of checking whether autonomic differences are related to emotion or to the induction procedure?

Question 43

What are the two techniques used by Ekman, Levenson, and Friesen (1983) to compare autonomic responses during six different basic emotions?

Question 44

Which of the following scenarios can be predicted by the facial feedback hypothesis?

A) Putting on a happy face will make you feel happier than before.
B) Scrunching your nose and pulling back your top lip will make you feel more disgusted by a novel smell.
C) Forcing yourself in a frown expression will increase your chances of reacting angrily to an insult.
D) All of the above

Question 45

Which of the following emotions showed a distinctive pattern of physiological activity in both tasks in Ekman, Levenson, and Friesen (1983)?

A) Sadness
B) Fear
C) Anger
D) Happiness

Question 46

Describe how anger differed from all the other emotions in terms of ANS activity in Ekman, Levenson, and Friesen (1983).

Question 47

Describe the facial-feedback hypothesis.

Question 48

Which of the following is not a hypothesis proposed by Stemmler (1989) to explain the range of findings reported in Ekman, Levenson, and Friesen (1983)?

A) Context-deviation hypothesis
B) Non-specificity hypothesis
C) Absolute specificity hypothesis
D) Facial feedback hypothesis

Question 49

Which of the following hypotheses assumes that emotions are associated with distinctive autonomic patterns but the specific demands of particular emotional situations can shift this pattern away from the emotion-specific template?

A) Facial feedback
B) Context-deviation
C) Absolute specificity
D) Non-specificity

Question 50

Which of the following scientists is MOST likely to support the absolute specificity hypothesis?

A) James
B) Ekman
C) Stemmler
D) Cannon

Question 51

The first theorist to connect bodily arousal with emotional responses to the need for preparing the body for emergency situations was __________.

Question 52

Which of the following statements BEST describes the Schachter's two-factor theory?

A) Arousal plays the most important role in providing the quality aspect of emotion.
B) Cognitive interpretations play the most important role in providing the quality aspect of emotion.
C) Cognitive interpretations play the most important role in providing the intensity of the emotion.
D) Arousal is the only factor that matters when interpreting emotional states.

Question 53

Describe Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion.

Question 54

Cannon believed that differences between emotions can also be found in the brain.

Question 55

One brain region that is thought to be associated with emotion is the __________. Evidence by LeDoux (1996) showed that this region is particularly responsible for producing the emotion of __________.

Question 56

According to your textbook, which of the following brain structures is consistently associated with emotional processing?

A) Striatum
B) Amygdala
C) Prefrontal cortex
D) Basal ganglia

Question 57

Name one function of the amygdala which is not necessarily associated with emotional processing.

Question 58

Who was the first theorist proposing that facial expressions evolved in order to express emotions?

A) Cannon
B) Freud
C) Darwin
D) James

Question 59

To Darwin, emotional expression served a(n) ______ function.

A) communication
B) sexual
C) survival
D) food gathering

Question 60

The link between facial expression and emotion is:

A) direct
B) very tight
C) less direct than intuition suggests
D) only an impression, the two have nothing in common

Question 61

Jenny narrows her eyes as she clenches her teeth. She is most probably in a state of:

A) happy
B) scared
C) sad
D) angry

Question 62

Contrary to what intuitions suggest, emotion-expression connections are not always as tight and __________.

Question 63

The six __________ emotions are: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, __________ and surprise.

Question 64

What are the six basic emotions according to Ekman, Friesen, and Ellsworth (1972)?

Question 65

What are the two main theorists proposing that some distinctive facial expressions are innately (and universally) associated with emotions?

Question 66

Izard suggested that infants' facial response to distress can take various forms depending on contextual factors and not on the quality of the emotional state.

Question 67

Ekman believed that different facial expressions are universally associated with specific basic emotions.

Question 68

Which of the following researchers disagreed with Izard's view that infants can display distinctive facial expressions of the basic emotions as soon as they develop the necessary muscular coordination?

A) Camras
B) Ekman
C) Friesen
D) Darwin

Question 69

According to Ekman, people do not always display facial expressions that represent their true emotional state and this is because:

A) they may have a neurological disease.
B) there are display rules.
C) the emotion-expression link is not always as direct.
D) the emotional stimulus is not enough strong to elicit a congruent expression.

Question 70

Provide a real-life example of a display rule.

Question 71

___________ are socialized norms about when and where it is appropriate or not to show a given emotion.

Question 72

Ekman's __________ theory claims that facial expressions result from an innate and universal biological program, but they can be regulated to meet display rules.

Question 73

In Ekman's neurocultural theory, facial expressions are sensitive to:

A) the context in which they are displayed
B) social norms
C) cultural rules
D) all of the above

Question 74

According to which of the following researchers do facial expressions serve to communicate social motives to others?

A) Ekman
B) Fridlund
C) Izard
D) James

Question 75

Define "display rules" and provide an example of a situation in which these rules are applied.

Question 76

What is the principal question that research on the universality of facial expression seeks to answer?

Question 77

Who is the most relevant scientist associated with cross-cultural studies on the universality of facial expressions?

Question 78

Discuss the main difficulties associated with cross-cultural studies on the universality of facial expressions.

Question 79

What is the most commonly used indirect method in cross-cultural studies to investigate the universality of facial expressions?

Question 80

Which method did Ekman use between the 1960s and the 1970s to study facial expression in remote cultures in Borneo and New Guinea?

A) Semi-structured interviews
B) ANS recordings
C) Expression judgement
D) Expression imitation