Deck 5: Cell Structure and Internal Compartments

Question 1

Which of the following structures in not found in all types of cells?

A) cytoplasm
B) ribosomes
C) a nucleus
D) a plasma membrane

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Eukaryotes have RNA as the hereditary genetic material.
B) Eukaryotes can be multicellular.
C) Eukaryotes have a membrane-enclosed nucleus.
D) Eukaryotes have membrane-enclosed organelles.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true?

A) All types of eukaryotic cells have the same structure, appearance, and function.
B) Different eukaryotic cells contain different numbers and types of organelles depending on the specific tasks they must perform.
C) Bacterial cells contain membrane-bound organelles.
D) Plant and animal cells have the same structure and organelles.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The Golgi apparatus

A) is the place where a cell's genetic material is stored.
B) sorts proteins and lipids and sends them to their final destination.
C) captures energy from sunlight and sends it to mitochondria.
D) creates energy by converting ribosomes to proteins.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true of chloroplasts?

A) They produce proteins used by other parts of the cell.
B) They capture energy from sunlight.
C) They give an animal cell its shape.
D) They contain an entire copy of a cell's genetic material.

Question 6

Which of the following is not a function of the plant vacuole?

A) storage of ions, pigments, and toxins
B) production of ATP
C) breakdown of macromolecules with enzymes
D) support of overall plant structure

Question 7

A cell you view under a microscope has a cell wall and chromosomes but no nucleus. The cell you are viewing could be a(n)

A) human muscle cell.
B) cell from a maple leaf.
C) prokaryote in a human intestine.
D) cell in a potato skin.

Question 8

The boundary that surrounds the contents of the nucleus is the

A) plasma membrane.
B) nuclear envelope.
C) nuclear pore.
D) cytosol.

Question 9

You are looking at a cell under a microscope and trying to determine whether it is a prokaryote or a eukaryote. You know it is a eukaryote if you see

A) DNA.
B) a plasma membrane.
C) a nucleus.
D) a cell wall.

Question 10

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are distinguished mainly by whether internal membrane-bound organelles are present. Are prokaryotes at an evolutionary disadvantage because they do not have organelles?

A) Yes. Without organelles, prokaryotic cells cannot photosynthesize or respire.
B) Yes. Without organelles prokaryotes are unable to bring together the reactants needed for biological reactions.
C) No. Prokaryotic cells are less efficient than eukaryotic cells, but they are still able to carry out the processes necessary to sustain life and reproduction.
D) No. Eukaryotic organelles are expelled each time the cell divides.

Question 11

Ribosomes are tiny "machines" in the cell that produce

A) proteins.
B) DNA.
C) membranes.
D) organelles.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is false?

A) The plasma membrane prevents some molecules from entering the cell.
B) The plasma membrane prevents some molecules from leaving the cell.
C) The plasma membrane receives signals from the outside environment.
D) The plasma membrane is the storehouse for each cell's genetic information.

Question 13

What components of the plasma membrane of an animal cell would you find at its innermost surface, directly exposed to the cytoplasm?

A) phospholipid tails only
B) proteins only
C) phospholipid heads and proteins
D) phospholipid heads and nucleic acids

Question 14

A screen door allows breezes to get in and aromas to get out but keeps out insects. Its function most resembles

A) the cytosol.
B) the plasma membrane.
C) the ER lumen.
D) a ribosome.

Question 15

The word fluid in the term fluid mosaic model refers to the fact that

A) membranes are a patchwork of lipids and proteins.
B) membranes are selectively permeable.
C) the proteins within a membrane freely move around.
D) the membrane assembles and disassembles as necessary for cell function.

Question 16

The plasma membrane of a cell and the membrane boundaries of organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts serve similar functions. What is one of the main functions of the membranes of both cells and organelles?

A) They keep reactants near each other to speed biological reactions.
B) They allow external chemicals to diffuse freely into and out of the cell.
C) They encourage cellular respiration at the membrane boundaries.
D) They keep water out of the cell and organelle interiors.

Question 17

The boundary structure that physically defines a cell is the

A) plasma membrane.
B) protein channel.
C) hydrophilic layer.
D) phospholipid side chain.

Question 18

The part of the plasma membrane that is in contact with the external environment of the cell consists of

A) hydrophobic portions of the constituent molecules.
B) hydrophilic portions of the constituent molecules.
C) neutral (uncharged) molecules.
D) nonpolar ends of the constituent molecules.

Question 19

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A) is the site for manufacture of lipids destined for other cellular compartments.
B) produces the energy needed to run chemical reactions in the cell.
C) converts sunlight into chemical energy.
D) stores water, nutrients, and enzymes.

Question 20

Using an electron microscope, you notice an organelle that consists of stacks of membranes and appears to be producing vesicles. This organelle is most likely

A) endoplasmic reticulum.
B) the nucleus.
C) a mitochondrion
D) a Golgi apparatus.

Question 21

Lysosomes are organelles responsible for the breakdown of macromolecules. Why is it useful to have the lysosome's reactions compartmentalized rather than allowing them to take place freely in the cytoplasm of the cell?

A) The lysosome's enzymes would break down cellular macromolecules that should remain intact.
B) If these reactions took place in the cytoplasm, their host cells would become prokaryotic.
C) The presence of lysosomes allows vesicles to form more quickly.
D) The absence of lysosomes would cause animal cells' vacuoles to burst.

Question 22

The magnification of a specimen by a light microscope is a result of

A) the bending of light as it passes through glass lenses.
B) the focusing of electron beams by magnets.
C) the reflection of light off a specimen.
D) using chemicals to physically enlarge cells.

Question 23

The cell in the figure below is moving by producing pseudopodia. This type of movement is a result of the reorganization of a certain component of the cytoskeleton (labeled).
The various labeled lines in the figure above show

A) microtubules elongating at the leading edge of movement.
B) microfilaments disassembling at the trailing edge of movement.
C) different types of intermediate filaments located in different parts of the cell.
D) motor proteins attached to microtubules pushing the plasma membrane forward.

Question 24

The contents of cells are often visualized with fluorescent (glow-in-the-dark) stains. You treat a cell with a stain that makes a certain part of the cytoskeleton glow green and another stain that makes mitochondria glow red. Under the microscope you see a meshwork of green filaments throughout the cell. Red organelles appear to be traveling along the filaments. The green stain you used must stain

A) microtubules.
B) microfilaments.
C) intermediate filaments.
D) motor proteins.

Question 25

Which of the following is correctly matched?

A) cilia-microfilaments
B) flagella-tubulin
C) pseudopodia-intermediate filaments
D) microfilaments-keratin

Question 26

Which of the following cell types might contain notably more lysosomes than the other cell types described?

A) the photosynthetic cells of a leaf
B) brain cells that produce large amounts of proteins to send signals to other cells
C) the acid- and enzyme-producing cells that line your stomach
D) the cells that roam around your body engulfing and consuming bacteria

Question 27

Molecules of _______ are consumed by mitochondria during cellular respiration.

A) O2
B) CO2
C) H2O
D) NO2

Question 28

Certain cells in your mouth produce large amounts of the enzyme amylase, a component of your saliva that breaks down carbohydrates. Which of the following organelles would you expect to be especially abundant in this cell type?

A) chloroplasts
B) mitochondria
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) lysosomes

Question 29

The inner membranes of both mitochondria and chloroplasts are folded into various arrangements. What is the advantage of having a folded membrane, rather than a simple interior membrane that follows the same oval shape as the exterior membrane?

A) The folds in the membranes are a physical barrier for compounds that attempt to enter the organelle.
B) The folds allow for more surface area for the chemical reactions that occur across the inner membranes.
C) The folds allow these organelles to interact more efficiently with Golgi bodies.
D) The folds cause a necessary change in the organelles' internal pH.

Question 30

The process of photosynthesis

A) breaks down sugars to create ATP.
B) traps light energy in an energy carrier like ATP.
C) produces carbon dioxide.
D) occurs in some animal cells.

Question 31

Which of the following works like a propeller?

A) eukaryotic flagella
B) prokaryotic flagella
C) eukaryotic cilia
D) prokaryotic cilia

Question 32

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Actin filaments can change rapidly in length.
B) Actin filaments define the paths for vesicle movement within the cell.
C) Actin filaments allow cells to change shape.
D) Actin filaments allow cells to move.

Question 33

The membrane known as the _____ contains light-capturing pigments like chlorophyll.

A) pore
B) envelope
C) crista
D) thylakoid

Question 34

Microtubules are responsible for

A) moving and positioning organelles inside the cell.
B) the formation of pseudopodia.
C) reinforcing and supporting cell structure.
D) strengthening skin cells.

Question 35

Which of the following components make up the cytoskeleton of a cell?

A) microtubules and actin filaments
B) pseudopodia and motor proteins
C) chloroplasts and mitochondria
D) the cell wall and plasma membrane

Question 36

Your muscle cells need large amounts of ATP to function in the movement of your body. Which of the following organelles would you expect to be especially abundant in muscle cells?

A) mitochondria
B) ribosomes
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D) lysosomes

Question 37

Which of the following would be the best analogy for the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A) the machine that assembles a product
B) a worker in a factory that sticks labels on products and then packs them into a box
C) the garbage truck that breaks down the wastes produced as a product is made
D) the blueprints for making the product

Question 38

Which of the following would you find in the cells of your hand?

A) vesicles
B) grana
C) flagella
D) thylakoids

Question 39

When looking through a light microscope at a plant leaf, you notice small green organelles moving around in the cytoplasm of every cell. What organelle are you most likely seeing?

A) mitochondria
B) chloroplasts
C) lysosomes
D) ribosomes

Question 40

The nucleolus is

A) the region of the cell where chromosomes are found.
B) the name of the double layer of membranes that forms the boundary of the nucleus.
C) the region of the nucleus where ribosomes are produced.
D) a piece of DNA wrapped around proteins.

Question 41

Certain _______ in a cell's membrane form channels through which ions and molecules may pass.

Question 42

New memories of fearful experiences are maintained in the brain as a result of

A) the lack of the microtubule-associating protein stathmin.
B) the remodeling of microtubules that create the cellular projections that allow neurons to communicate.
C) the disassembly of microtubules in regions where neurons send signals to neighboring cells.
D) The movement of neurons from one region of the brain to another along "tracks" formed by microtubules.

Question 43

All of the energy in the food we eat is produced when organelles in plants called ____________ convert the energy in sunlight to chemical energy.

Question 44

In the chloroplast, pancake-like membranes known as _____ are arranged into stacks of grana.

Question 45

The figure below shows a mitochondrion, emphasizing its inner and outer membranes.
The inner membrane of the mitochondria is thought to have evolved from

A) a bit of plasma membrane from the early eukaryotic cell that engulfed a bacterium.
B) the membrane surrounding the lysosome that engulfed a bacterium once it was inside an early eukaryotic cell.
C) the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell.
D) infoldings of the plasma membrane of an early eukaryotic cell.

Question 46

Membrane-enclosed structures in eukaryotic cells are called __________.

Question 47

The __________includes the entire contents of a cell except for the nucleus.

Question 48

The _______ endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes.

Question 49

The sizes of several biological structures are indicated in the figure below.
Which of the following is the smallest structure you could see with a light microscope?

A) viruses
B) frog egg
C) most bacteria
D) ribosomes

Question 50

The _________ found in eukaryotic cells have cristae.

Question 51

The _________ has a double membrane but no cristae.

Question 52

Chemical reactions occur more efficiently in _____ because their reactants are concentrated within a specialized compartment.

Question 53

At the most basic level of life, organic compounds are organized into energy-dependent, self-replicating units known as _____.

Question 54

Which of the following statements about mitochondria and chloroplasts is false?

A) They were probably primitive eukaryotic cells.
B) They contain their own DNA.
C) They are able to make some proteins.
D) They reproduce independently of the cell in which they reside.

Question 55

During the process of photosynthesis, _______ is given off as a by-product.

Question 56

The _______ is the place where the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell is stored.

Question 57

The ___________ model describes the plasma membrane as a mobile mixture of phospholipids and proteins.

Question 58

In eukaryotic cells, most of the ATP used for cellular reactions is produced by the specialized, membrane-enclosed compartments know as _____.

Question 59

_______ pinch off from a membrane, enclose material, and then fuse with another membrane to release their contents at their destination.

Question 60

Organisms whose cells lack internal membrane-bound organelles are classified as _______.

Question 61

A membrane that is selectively permeable causes damage to the cell by allowing solutes to enter and leave the cell indiscriminately.

Question 62

Nuclear pores allow the nucleus to pass through the plasma membrane.

Question 63

The microfilaments that allow cells to move contain the protein __________.

Question 64

Microtubules are composed of tubulin monomers.

Question 65

Cilia are usually thicker and longer than flagella.

Question 66

The hydrophobic portions of a membrane's phospholipid bilayer are oriented toward the interior of the membrane.

Question 67

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles.

Question 68

Certain cells found in humans are identical to certain cells found in plants.

Question 69

A microscope is used to obtain a magnified view of an object.

Question 70

The movements of wound-healing fibroblasts in your body depend on pseudopodia that can extend and retract, because the microfilaments in them can rapidly change their length.

Question 71

The internal pH of a lysosome is about 5-quite a bit lower than the cytoplasm of the cell in which the lysosome resides. What is one advantage to not having the lysosome's enzymes function best at the cytoplasm's pH of 7?

Question 72

A ribosome has internal cristae.

Question 73

Mitochondria produce most of the energy used in a bacterial cell.

Question 74

Prokaryotic cells are generally larger than eukaryotic cells.

Question 75

_____ _____ are the part of the cytoskeleton that provide mechanical strength to cells and reinforce the membranes of organelles.

Question 76

In eukaryotic cells both the nucleus and mitochondria have double membranes.