Deck 10: Patterns of Inheritance

Question 1

Genes contain instructions for building

A) carbohydrates.
B) steroids.
C) proteins.
D) lipids.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

An allele is

A) a version of a gene.
B) a trait that can be affected by the external environment.
C) codominant to its counterpart in another chromosome.
D) the result of a change in phenotype.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The chance of a parent's passing on a given allele to a child _______ each time he or she has another child.

A) is reduced
B) is increased
C) is the same
D) changes

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A Punnett square is used to

A) determine the source of new alleles.
B) determine how many genes control a given trait.
C) predict the gametes that will be produced by an organism.
D) predict the outcome of a genetic cross.

Question 5

Which of the following choices represents the genotype of an individual diploid organism?

A) BbCCdd
B) BCd
C) bCd
D) BbCd

Question 6

A recessive allele can only appear in the phenotype of an individual

A) in the F1 generation.
B) exposed to certain environmental conditions.
C) who carries the mutation in his or her gametes.
D) who is homozygous for the mutation.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is a basic summary of Mendel's laws?

A) All good human genetic traits are dominant, and harmful traits are recessive.
B) The pattern of inherited characteristics of organisms is not predictable.
C) Alleles separate into different gametes during meiosis, and the separation of alleles for one gene does not affect the separation of alleles for other genes.
D) Recessive alleles cause the death of the gamete.

Question 8

Individuals in the F₁ generation are always

A) homozygous recessive.
B) homozygous dominant.
C) heterozygous.
D) codominant.

Question 9

Which of the following observations refutes the blending theory of inheritance?

A) When a red plant is crossed with a white plant, the resulting offspring are pink.
B) Most of the features of offspring are not intermediates of their parents' traits.
C) Gametes carrying different types of alleles can not fuse successfully.
D) After meiosis, two copies of a given gene end up in the same gamete.

Question 10

The figure below shows three generations in one of Mendel's experiments.
The data in this figure demonstrate that purple flower color is dominant in peas. Which of the following is the best rationale for this conclusion?

A) In the F2 generation, more plants have purple flowers. In any cross, the allele that is most common in the offspring is dominant.
B) Members of the F1 generation are heterozygous. Whatever allele is visible in a known heterozygote is considered dominant.
C) The stronger, or in this case, darker, allele is always considered dominant.
D) An individual that produces more offspring gives more alleles to the next generation. As a result, that allele dominates the next generation.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Specific mutations occur because they are needed.
B) Recessive alleles follow different laws of inheritance than dominant alleles do.
C) Offspring get two copies of each gene from each parent.
D) Gametes fuse without regard to which alleles they carry.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is not true?

A) Two organisms with the same genotype are homozygous.
B) Two organisms with the same phenotype may have different genotypes.
C) A heterozygous organism may have the same phenotype as a homozygous organism.
D) A heterozygous organism has the same number of copies of a given gene as a homozygous organism.

Question 13

A tall plant mates with itself and produces all tall offspring. This cross is repeated for many generations with the same results. The parental plant is

A) heterozygous.
B) completely dominant.
C) mutated.
D) true-breeding.

Question 14

Which of the following pairs of words can be used correctly to describe alleles?

A) dominant or recessive
B) homozygous or heterozygous
C) genotype and phenotype
D) codependent and mutation

Question 15

Mendel's laws were able to predict accurately the pattern of inheritance for situations in which

A) alleles are affected by their environment.
B) alleles show complete dominance.
C) alleles of one gene alter the effect of a different gene.
D) a given character is determined by more than one gene.

Question 16

The figure below shows three generations in one of Mendel's experiments.
According to the data in this figure, Mendel's F₂ generation contains many more purple flowers than white flowers. Which of the following is the best explanation of this observation?

A) Three quarters of the offspring must receive the white allele.
B) The chance of an individual offspring receiving a white allele is only 25 percent.
C) The probability of any individual offspring receiving a of the purple allele is 3:1.
D) The white allele is only dominant in about 25 percent of the offspring that inherit it.

Question 17

Which of the following symbols correctly represents a person who has a homozygous genotype?

A) Ww
B) WW
C) XY
D) Wx

Question 18

A mutation that occurs in a diploid cell can be inherited only if

A) the mutated allele is recessive.
B) the mutated allele is dominant.
C) the mutation occurs in a cell that produces gametes.
D) the same mutation also occurs on the homologous chromosome.

Question 19

If a person has one copy of each of two different alleles for a given gene, the person is _______ for that trait.

A) heterozygous
B) homozygous
C) recessive
D) true-breeding

Question 20

A thoroughbred race horse could have at most _____ alleles of the same gene.

A) 16
B) 8
C) 4
D) 2

Question 21

Suppose D were dominant and d were recessive, and you could label the D allele in the P generation with a radioactive atom or substance. You create hybrids by mating your radioactive DD individuals to dd individuals. Finally, you cross two Dd individuals. In 1,000 offspring, how many would you predict would be radioactive?

A) about 250
B) about 500
C) about 750
D) about 1,000

Question 22

Scientists studying monogamy in prairie voles discover a single male prairie vole that displays infidelity toward its mate. Which of the following hypotheses might explain this behavior?

A) This male must have learned infidelity from its father.
B) A mutation in this male causes him to produce fewer receptors for vasopressin.
C) This male must have more vasopressin receptors than normal prairie voles.
D) This male must have a longer version of the vasopressin receptor gene.

Question 23

We need a hammer to pound nails into a board. Even if we have the nails, we can't pound them without first getting hold of a hammer. This is similar to the genetic relationship known as

A) heterozygosity.
B) codominance.
C) epistasis.
D) independent assortment.

Question 24

The best way to get accurate results from a probability exercise is to

A) choose an example with incomplete dominance.
B) know the answer in advance.
C) choose an example that will come out 50:50.
D) make a large number of observations.

Question 25

The figure below depicts red blood cells from a mother, a father and their child. The mother and father are the biological parents of this child.
What is the mother's ABO genotype?

A) IAIA
B) IAIB
C) IAi
D) Not enough information provided

Question 26

Feather color in a certain species of bird is controlled by a pair of alleles that exhibit incomplete dominance. If birds that are homozygous for one allele are black and birds that are homozygous for the other allele are white, then heterozygous birds must be _____.

A) black
B) white
C) gray
D) black with white stripes

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Mendel's laws are less accurate than Punnett square results.
B) Mendel's laws are useful only in unusual situations.
C) Mendel's laws always correctly determine how genes are inherited.
D) Mendel's laws always correctly predict the phenotype of an organism.

Question 28

Most human genetic characters are

A) controlled by one gene.
B) not inherited according to Mendel's laws.
C) controlled by more than one gene.
D) not heritable.

Question 29

Which of the following expresses Mendel's law of segregation?

A) All dominant alleles of different genes separate into separate cells from the recessive alleles.
B) Two copies of a gene separate during meiosis and end up in different gametes.
C) When gametes form, the genes originally from one parent all end up in different gametes from the genes originally from the other parent.
D) Gametes with recessive alleles will fuse only with each other.

Question 30

An individual with the genotype Aa mates with an individual with the genotype AA. Which of the following is true?

A) These two individuals will have four offspring.
B) Half of the offspring will be Aa.
C) Twenty-five percent of the offspring will be aa.
D) both A and B

Question 31

If the D allele is completely dominant over the d allele, what percentage of the offspring will have the dominant phenotype when two heterozygous individuals mate?

A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 100 percent

Question 32

One of the first medical tests a newborn receives determines if the child has phenylketonuria (PKU). PKU is the result of a mutation in a single gene that causes mental retardation and a host of other phenotypes (light hair and skin color, eczema, and a "mousy" smell). By detecting PKU early, doctor are able to reduce the effect of this condition with a modified diet. PKU is an example of

A) epistasis.
B) a polygenic trait.
C) pleiotrophy.
D) codominance.

Question 33

In a genetic cross of Gg with Gg guinea pigs, none of the four offspring were gg. This

A) disproves Mendel's law of independent assortment.
B) neither supports nor disproves Mendel's law of independent assortment.
C) supports Mendel's law of independent assortment.
D) supports Mendel's law of segregation.

Question 34

Is it possible for two organisms with the same genotype to have different phenotypes?

A) No. Identical genotypes will lead to identical phenotypes.
B) No. The DNA of the recessive alleles not expressed in the phenotype is degraded within each cell.
C) Yes. The expression of the genotype can be affected by the environment.
D) Yes. The phenotype expressed determines what the genotype will be.

Question 35

What is the smallest number of traits that are needed to test Mendel's law of independent assortment?

A) one
B) two
C) four
D) eight

Question 36

Cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive gene. If C = normal and c = cystic fibrosis, how can a child with cystic fibrosis have two parents that do not have cystic fibrosis?

A) The child has a genotype of CC.
B) The parents have genotypes of CC and Cc.
C) The parents have genotypes of Cc and Cc.
D) The child has a genotype of Cc.

Question 37

A genetic _______ is a controlled mating experiment used to examine the inheritance of a particular gene.

Question 38

Which of the following represents all of the possible gametes that can be formed by an individual with the genetic makeup: FfGgHH?

A) FGH, FgH, fGH, fgH
B) Ff, Gg, HH
C) FG, FH, Fg, fH, fG, fg, GH, gH
D) FfGhHH, FFGGHH, ffgghh

Question 39

Inheritance of ABO blood type in humans is an example of

A) codominance.
B) complete dominance.
C) a gene that is coded by more than two alleles.
D) all of the above

Question 40

Humans have many genes that contribute to the unique array of proteins found on their red blood cells. Your MN blood type (the letters indicate the presence of M and N proteins on the red blood cells) is determined by the co-dominant alleles Lᴹ and Lᴺ. Which of the following genotypes could be produced when a man with MN blood and a woman with MN blood mate?

A) LMLM
B) LMLN
C) LNLN
D) all of the above

Question 41

The observable physical characteristics of an organism is its _______.

Question 42

In meiosis, two copies of a gene separate and end up in different __________.

Question 43

If an offspring has a total of 32 genes, it inherited _____ genes from each parent

Question 44

Alternate versions of the same gene, such as blue or brown for eye color, are known as _______.

Question 45

_______ dominance is expressed in a genetic cross in which the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes.

Question 46

Traits that are determined by the effect of more than one gene are called ________.

Question 47

There are no known exceptions to Mendel's law of independent assortment.

Question 48

The genetic makeup of an organism, such as Gg, is its _______.

Question 49

Each cell in a human contains a different set of genes.

Question 50

If two alleles for the same trait have an equal effect on the phenotype, the alleles are ___________.

Question 51

If both copies of a given gene in an organism are identical, the organism is homozygous for that trait.

Question 52

If an offspring has a total of 32 alleles, it inherited _____ alleles from each parent.

Question 53

According to Mendel's law of _______, when gametes are formed the separation of alleles for one gene is unrelated to the separation of alleles for other genes.

Question 54

The first generation of phenotypes resulting from a genetic cross between two members of the parental generation would be seen in the ____ generation.

Question 55

When a _______ variety of a plant is self-fertilized, all of its offspring have the same phenotype as the parent.

Question 56

A genetic cross is used to produce organisms from species that would not normally interbreed.

Question 57

Experiments involving small numbers of offspring give more reliable experimental results than observing large numbers of offspring.

Question 58

A given gene can have only two alleles.

Question 59

New alleles arise by _______ , which changes the DNA that makes up a gene.

Question 60

The Iᴬ and Iᴮ alleles involved in human blood type differ in that they attach different ______ to the surface of red blood cells.

Question 61

A genotype is always expressed in the phenotype.

Question 62

Environmental factors can alter the effects of genes.

Question 63

Most traits are under the control of more than one gene.

Question 64

Temperature can affect phenotype.

Question 65

The leaf color of a certain plant is controlled by one gene. For that gene, the allele G = orange and g = green. You have a plant with orange leaves, but do not know whether that plant's genotype is GG or Gg. Explain how a single cross would help you determine the genotype of your plant.