Deck 29: Reproduction and Development

Question 1

In general, why does a female animal tend to choose her mate more carefully than a male does?

A) Males tend to live longer than females.
B) Males do not produce as much sperm as females do eggs.
C) A female has more resources tied up in an egg than a male does in sperm.
D) Females use more of their resources in mate-attracting displays.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following statements about sexual and asexual reproduction is true?

A) Sexual reproduction leads to offspring that are genetically identical to their parents, while asexual reproduction leads to offspring that differ from their parents.
B) Sexual reproduction leads to offspring that differ genetically from their parents, while asexual reproduction leads to offspring that are identical to their parents.
C) Sexual reproduction is always better for a species' survival than asexual reproduction.
D) Asexual reproduction is always better for a species' survival than sexual reproduction.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In mammals, the trophoblast layer in a blastocyst will become part of the

A) uterus.
B) primary oocyte.
C) oviduct.
D) placenta.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The second meiotic division in a secondary oocyte is completed

A) just after its release into the oviduct.
B) only after the polar body degenerates.
C) only if it is fertilized.
D) immediately after the primary oocyte divides.

Question 5

Animal species in which the offspring tend to move away from their parents to live in slightly different habitats are likely to benefit from

A) asexual reproduction.
B) sexual reproduction.
C) providing DNA for transformation.
D) a gametophyte generation.

Question 6

Which of the following behaviors is not specialized to help an animal find a mate?

A) bees carrying pollen between flowers
B) the flashing lights of fireflies
C) fragrant chemicals released by female moths
D) the chirping sound of a male cricket

Question 7

Humans complete their development in a protected environment inside their mother's body, in the

A) cervix.
B) oviduct.
C) vagina.
D) uterus.

Question 8

Some organisms switch from male to female, or vice versa. The most likely rationale for the change is the

A) loss of reproductive ability.
B) loss of chromosomes from one year to the next.
C) availability of environmental resources.
D) male/female status of nearby organisms.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about animal sperm and eggs is false?

A) Sperm are generally able to move.
B) Eggs generally do not move.
C) Sperm and eggs are produced through meiosis.
D) Sperm and eggs have the same amount of genetic material per cell as the cells in their parent organisms.

Question 10

During development, the process by which unspecialized cells acquire specific identities is called

A) gametogenesis.
B) differentiation.
C) fertilization.
D) apoptosis.

Question 11

In mammals, the blastocyst consists of the trophoblast and the

A) placenta.
B) inner cell mass.
C) zygote.
D) embryo.

Question 12

Many animals are choosy about their mates because

A) males put more energy into sperm production than females put into egg production.
B) the smaller the genetic differences between two parents, the more likely their offspring are to survive.
C) having a high-quality mate increases the chance of offspring survival.
D) species that do not have two parent families are less successful than those that do.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction in animals is true?

A) Only one parent contributes genes to the offspring.
B) Both parents contribute genes to the offspring.
C) The offspring are identical to their parents.
D) Only one parent is needed to produce offspring.

Question 14

Would the separation of an egg and its polar body soon after fertilization harm the development of an embryo?

A) Yes; the polar body contains genetic information required for the early stages of embryonic development.
B) Yes; if a polar body is formed, it will develop into the identical twin of the first embryo.
C) No; fertilization naturally causes the polar to release from the zygote
D) No; the polar body is essentially a trash can. Excess DNA is placed there, but since it contains little cytoplasm it cannot develop into an embryo.

Question 15

The number of chromosomes in secondary spermatocytes is fewer than in primary spermatocytes because

A) sister chromatids are separated during meiosis II.
B) sister chromatids are separated during meiosis I.
C) homologous pairs are separated during meiosis II.
D) homologous pairs are separated during meiosis I.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about hermaphrodites is true?

A) Hermaphrodites can mate with every individual of the same species that they encounter.
B) Hermaphrodites can generally fertilize their own eggs.
C) Hermaphrodites have either testes or ovaries.
D) Few animal phyla include hermaphroditic species.

Question 17

In human females, primary oocytes don't develop into mature eggs

A) unless they are fertilized.
B) until they reach the uterus.
C) until the first trimester.
D) until puberty.

Question 18

Why is the head of a sperm covered with a sac of enzymes?

A) The enzymes are used to prevent other sperm from entering the egg after the sperm and egg membranes have fused.
B) The enzymes are needed to digest a hole in the protective "shell" surrounding the egg.
C) The enzymes are released to kill other sperm so that, by the time sperm reach the egg, only a hundred or so remain to compete with.
D) The enzymes are gradually released into the sperm, where they break down sugars, releasing the energy needed to power sperm movement.

Question 19

Sperm are packed with mitochondria because mitochondria produce the

A) sugars that keep the sperm alive during its journey through the female reproductive tract.
B) enzymes used to break through the zona pellucida before fertilization.
C) ATP used to complete spermatogenesis.
D) energy needed to power the movement of the tail of the sperm.

Question 20

Which one of the following methods of reproduction is not used by animals?

A) sexual reproduction involving sperm and eggs
B) asexual reproduction involving only one animal
C) exchange of sperm and egg between the testes and ovaries of a single hermaphrodite
D) a piece of an animal breaks off and grows into a new individual

Question 21

During the rapid cell division that occurs after fertilization, cells increase rapidly in number, but the embryo stays the same size. The cells of this very early embryo must

A) undergo gastrulation before rapid cell division begins.
B) undergo rapid meiosis.
C) have a very short interphase.
D) contain a large yolk sac.

Question 22

The human embryo develops in a fluid-filled sac, called the

A) uterus.
B) endometrium.
C) yolk sac.
D) amnion.

Question 23

In humans, the exchanges of materials between the embryo and its mother occur through the

A) umbilical cord.
B) amnion.
C) yolk sac.
D) endometrium.

Question 24

This graph shows the normal concentration of morphogens A and B throughout a Drosophila embryo.
If morphogen B is injected into the head end of an embryo, the embryo is likely to develop

A) normally.
B) a second tail at the head end
C) a second head at the tail end.
D) two heads at the head end.

Question 25

Different versions of the protein hemoglobin are found in a baby's blood cells at different stages of development. Changes in the hemoglobin type present are most likely the result of

A) what genes are transcribed.
B) whether or not the transcribed mRNA can leave the nucleus.
C) how translated RNA is cut up.
D) how mRNA is distributed in the red blood cells.

Question 26

By the end of a normal first trimester, the zygote

A) has not yet developed visible limbs.
B) has recognizable arms and legs.
C) has reached its birth length.
D) has gained about 50 percent of its birth weight.

Question 27

Embryonic stem cells have the greatest potential for creating medical treatments because they

A) contain less DNA than other types of stem cells so they are easier to manipulate.
B) are more common than other types of stem cells in the bodies of adults.
C) do not undergo transcription.
D) can become any type of body cell and, therefore, can be used to treat many different conditions.

Question 28

Which of the following does not affect development in animals?

A) morphogens
B) hemoglobin
C) genes
D) hormones

Question 29

The body retains stems cells after embryonic development is complete because

A) stem cells give rise to gametes throughout the life of a mature male.
B) stem cells are responsible for the production of the various cells in our blood which can be easily lost as a result of injury.
C) in many tissues, cells must be regenerated and replaced as they wear out.
D) all of the above

Question 30

The shape of the beak of a hummingbird (very long and skinny) and that of a finch (short and fat) is controlled by the same set of genes. Which of the following could account for the differences between these two bird beaks?

A) Apoptosis occurs in the beak of the finch, but not in the beak of the humming bird.
B) Although development is controlled by the same genes, the genes produce different proteins and those proteins cause development to occur in different ways.
C) The hummingbird retains stem cells for a longer period of time during development than does the finch.
D) The genes involved in determining beak shape stay on for different lengths of time in each bird.

Question 31

Stem cells

A) play a large role in directing apoptosis.
B) can differentiate into specific cell types.
C) develop as apoptosis continues during development.
D) develop from epithelial cells in the lining of the small intestine.

Question 32

In fruit flies, morphogens

A) are composed of nucleic acids.
B) switch genes on and off.
C) are receptor proteins.
D) exist only in the eggs.

Question 33

In humans, the yolk sac

A) does not contain yolk.
B) produces blood cells.
C) contains cells that will eventually produce gametes.
D) all of the above

Question 34

The "quality" of human eggs and sperm declines as people age. One possible reason for this is

A) accelerated apoptosis of sperm and egg precursor cells.
B) acquired harmful mutations in egg and sperm precursor cells.
C) declining levels of morphogens.
D) lower levels of oxytocin and prostaglandins.

Question 35

Examine this close-up of the placenta (on the left of the figure).
Why do the chorionic villi have the shape of a tree?

A) The branches of the chorionic villi create a large amount of surface area for exchange of nutrients and gases between maternal and fetal blood.
B) The branches of the chorionic villi allow blood to flow back and forth between the capillaries of the mother and her fetus more rapidly.
C) The branches of the chorionic villi create more locations where fetal capillaries can fuse directly with maternal capillaries.
D) The branches of the chorionic villi create more surface area for the production of the amniotic fluid.

Question 36

This graph shows the rate of cell division in a developing frog embryo.
Why does the rate of growth decrease dramatically after the point indicated by the arrow?

A) At this point, development switches from rapid cell growth to cell differentiation and migration.
B) This arrow indicates when the embryo begins to run out of its internal food source and must find another source to continue developing.
C) This is when fertilization occurs. Before this point, the single-celled egg was growing quickly as it stored food. After this point, growth slows for the more deliberate process of development.
D) At the time indicated by the arrow, the trophoblast separates from the inner cell mass and the two tissues begin to divide at different and slower rates.

Question 37

Why does an embryo undergo the process of gastrulation?

A) Gastrulation separates the cells of the inner cell mass and the trophoblast so that the trophoblast is free to develop into the placenta.
B) During gastrulation, the cells of the embryo move around to create the four extraembryonic membranes that protect the membranes.
C) The rapid cell division that occurs during gastrulation allows the embryo to increase quickly in cell number without using much energy for cell growth.
D) Cells in the blastocyst differentiate to form embryonic tissues, but are not originally located in the right place. Gastrulation moves these cells to the proper position in the embryo.

Question 38

Which of the following would not be exchanged between a mother and her fetus through the umbilical cord?

A) enzymes
B) carbon dioxide
C) antibodies
D) oxygen

Question 39

Human females probably involved the ability to live beyond their reproductive years because

A) women once preferred to mate with men known to come from families with long life spans.
B) the hormones produced by the female reproductive system slow the aging process.
C) the contribution of grandmothers to child-rearing increases the survival rate of children.
D) in early human cultures, women that produced children later in life were more likely to survive to raise their children.

Question 40

In the last few weeks of pregnancy, the level of estrogen in a woman's blood rises. This causes

A) the fetus to develop more rapidly.
B) the amount of prostaglandin secreted by the placenta to decrease.
C) the muscles of the uterus to become more sensitive to the hormone oxytocin.
D) even more estrogen to be released from the pituitary.

Question 41

Animal sperm cells tend to be larger than animal egg cells.

Question 42

The three layers of cells in a human embryo are ectoderm, endoderm, and ________.

Question 43

In humans development from zygote to completion is about __ weeks.

Question 44

When a human embryo is approximately seven days old, it imbeds in the __________ of its mother's uterus, where it is nourished by the surrounding blood supply until the placenta is functional.

Question 45

One reason that fertilization rarely occurs between the gametes of two different species might be that the plasma membranes of the gametes of different species do not contain the same __________ so the membranes of the sperm and the egg cannot fuse.

Question 46

Genes are generally switched on or off by the presence proteins called __________.

Question 47

Some organisms can produce offspring genetically identical to themselves, without a mate.

Question 48

Which of the following could have an effect on the development of a fetus or embryo?

A) alcohol
B) certain prescription drugs
C) drug use
D) all of the above

Question 49

Disruptions to the development of a zygote can occur at any time during pregnancy. Among the time periods mentioned below the most vulnerable period of development for a zygote/fetus/embryo would be the

A) first week.
B) twentieth week.
C) thirtieth week.
D) fortieth week.

Question 50

The stage in mammalian development when the embryo exists as a hollow, fluid-filled ball is referred to as the ___________.

Question 51

Spermatogenesis results in the production of _____ sperm whereas oogenesis produces just one egg.

Question 52

To start a stem cell line from humans, a scientist would want to take a cell from the _______ of an embryo.

Question 53

The ovaries produce ________ [more or fewer?] gametes than the testes.

Question 54

Hermaphrodites are able to fertilize their own eggs with their own sperm.

Question 55

During apoptosis in the feet of chicken embryos, the activation of a single _________ causes the cells between the toes to die.

Question 56

Once all the organ systems are developed in a human, about nine weeks after fertilization, the developing child is considered a_______.

Question 57

Organisms that have both functional testes and functional ovaries are known as _______.

Question 58

An aquatic animal that relies on currents to bring gametes together is likely to produce ________ [more or fewer?] gametes than a land animal that deposits its sperm directly within the reproductive tract of a female.

Question 59

During labor more and more oxytocin is produced due to ________ feedback.

Question 60

In oogenesis, the final steps of meiosis do not occur until _______ takes place.

Question 61

Males produce significantly larger numbers of gametes than females because their goal in reproduction is to ensure that they successfully fertilize just one egg.

Question 62

The four sperm produced by spermatogenesis all have the same DNA sequence, but that sequence is different from the sequence of the sperm precursor cell.

Question 63

Morphogens act in humans as well as in other animals, such as fruit flies.

Question 64

Latex condoms prevent the spread of all types of sexually transmitted diseases.

Question 65

The mitochondria in your cells are a mix of the mitochondria found in your father's sperm and your mother's egg cell because the contents of the sperm cytoplasm are dumped into the egg cell during fertilization.

Question 66

Land animals are more likely to undergo fertilization outside their bodies because gametes require dry environments in order to fuse and develop.

Question 67

The skulls of newborn humans and chimpanzees closely resemble each other.

Question 68

In the last few weeks of pregnancy, oxytocin causes the muscles of the uterus to become sensitive to estrogen.