Deck 9: Memory

Question 1

This perspective of memory research views memory as a group of mechanisms and systems that encode, store, and retrieve information.

A) cognitive behavioural
B) information-processing
C) input-output
D) constructivist

Answer 1

B

Question 2

This stage of information processing is directly linked to perception.

A) encoding
B) storage
C) consolidation
D) retrieval

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When we first perceive an object, it enters into consciousness as a part of this memory process.

A) consolidation
B) storage
C) encoding
D) retrieval

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The human storage and retrieval of memories is different from storage of data on a computer in that computers

A) retrieve information in small, incomplete fragments
B) retrieve information that is identical to what had been initially stored
C) retrieve information in visual formats only
D) retrieve information that is commonly corrupted by biases in the machine

Question 5

This system of memory is fleeting and consists of two categories, the iconic and echoic stores.

A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) working memory
D) long-term memory

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the information held in sensory memory?

A) traces of auditory information that linger for a few seconds in consciousness
B) vivid details recalled from events that transpired years ago
C) bits of raw sensory data akin to the after-images one experiences after staring at a bright light
D) factual information derived directly from the senses

Question 7

Sensory memory serves two functions: It "collects" sensory information and briefly holds it for possible further processing in memory, and it allows us to perceive the world as a

A) series of discrete images
B) chunk of information
C) passive field of information
D) continuous stream of events

Question 8

Any time you pay attention to a sight, sound, feeling, idea, or piece of information- either automatically or as a conscious decision-that information is transferred to

A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) working memory
D) long-term memory

Question 9

The most commonly used example of this memory phenomenon is what happens when you ask a friend for their phone number, but you have no pen to write it down.

A) elaborative rehearsal
B) selective encoding
C) maintenance rehearsal
D) selective attention

Question 10

The fact that information must be repeated-known as maintenance rehearsal-in order to remain in short-term memory is evidence that short-term storage is

A) limitless
B) naïve
C) constrained
D) brief

Question 11

Memory span refers to the fact that sensory memory has a(n)

A) limited capacity
B) brief storage capability
C) unlimited capacity
D) quantitative storage mechanism

Question 12

If you are in a memory experiment and you are asked to quickly repeat back to the experimenter a string of digits like 2,3,5,6,1,2,6, she is probably testing your

A) encoding span
B) memory span
C) short-term chunker
D) quantitative store

Question 13

This memory phenomenon is the reason that we can easily remember sentences composed of 20 words, but cannot remember 20 unrelated words in order.

A) expertise
B) phonological loop
C) memory span
D) chunking

Question 14

If STM can be thought of as whatever appears on the screen of your computer at any given moment, then long-term memory represents

A) the data stored in files for later retrieval
B) the system of graphics processing
C) the running of the central processing unit
D) the information encoded in the screen image

Question 15

This part of the modal model of memory is considered to have an unlimited capacity.

A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) working memory
D) long-term memory

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a way that long-term memories are encoded?

A) visual encoding
B) mental encoding
C) semantic encoding
D) acoustic encoding

Question 17

Encoding in short-term memory tends to be primarily acoustic, while encoding in long-term memory tends to be primarily

A) semantic
B) visual
C) attentional
D) mental

Question 18

Material is most likely to be recalled at a later date if it has been encoded for LTM during

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) visual rehearsal
C) elaborative rehearsal
D) semantic rehearsal

Question 19

Studying by engaging in a series of self-tests helps most with this process of memory.

A) retrieval
B) encoding
C) rehearsal
D) representation

Question 20

This memory process includes the phenomena of recall and recognition.

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) metamemory

Question 21

These keys to retrieving information can be in the form of an external reminder or internal thought process.

A) primacy effects
B) mnemonics
C) retrieval cues
D) retention intervals

Question 22

Godden and Baddeley (1975) demonstrated this phenomenon vividly when they had scuba divers memorize lists of words either under water or on land, and later tested them for recall of these words both on land and under water

A) elaborative rehearsal
B) method of loci
C) state-dependent memory
D) context-dependent memory

Question 23

Which of the following best captures the phenomenon known as context-dependent memory?

A) You fail to recall the events leading up to your car accident because of the head trauma
You suffered.
B) You will be better able to recall negative words if you are in a negative mood.
C) Your exam performance is better if you take the exam in the room in which you
Learned the material.
D) Your understanding of material is better if you reflect first on the meaning of the
Information.

Question 24

This retrieval phenomenon works when mood and other psychological states, including drug-induced changes in consciousness, act as retrieval cues

A) elaborative rehearsal
B) method of loci
C) state-dependent memory
D) context-dependent memory

Question 25

This memory phenomenon is a highly vivid and detailed remembrance of one's personal circumstances at the moment of learning of some shocking and unexpected event.

A) state-dependent memory
B) flashbulb memory
C) false memory
D) recovered memory

Question 26

All of the following memory accounts might qualify as flashbulb memories, EXCEPT:

A) Jane can recall the exact time and place that she received word of her father's sudden
Heart attack.
B) Seth can describe every detail of the room in which he first saw his future wife.
C) Brian can remember what he was wearing and the exact spot where he was standing
When the first plane hit the World Trade Centre on 9/11/2001.
D) Jeremy's memory of his serious car accident only includes details about the route he
Was driving when his vehicle was struck.

Question 27

Although different theorists define this memory concept in different ways, it is probably best to think of it as what happens in short-term memory when information is manipulated or processed.

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) memory transfer
D) working memory

Question 28

These kinds of long-term memories are our autobiographical memories

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) implicit
D) procedural

Question 29

All of the following are examples of episodic memories, EXCEPT:

A) Steve remembers that he bought his first guitar on a Monday.
B) Josh remembers that his first kiss was very awkward.
C) Mary Beth remembers that her favorite song is by the Beatles.
D) Adam remembers that New York is in the Eastern Time zone of the United States.

Question 30

When the personal experience attached to the factual knowledge is forgotten and only the fact remains, the memory is

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) implicit
D) procedural

Question 31

In cases of amnesia, this type of memory is usually affected more profoundly than anything else

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) implicit
D) procedural

Question 32

Cases of amnesia that selectively target episodic memory, while leaving semantic memory functional, support the view that

A) the two systems overlap
B) the two systems are distinct
C) episodic memories are more susceptible to memory loss
D) semantic memories are more resistant to memory failures

Question 33

When we recall something, but have no awareness that we are doing so, we are using

A) semantic memory
B) episodic memory
C) implicit memory
D) discrete memory

Question 34

Mitchell (2006) exposed a group of university students in 1982 to a series of black-and white line drawings for between 1 and 3 seconds each. Seventeen years later, he showed these participants small partial fragments of the drawings they had viewed, mixed in with fragments of drawings they had never seen. Because of this implicit memory effect, participants could name the items they had seen before more accurately than the fragments that were not previously seen years before.

A) procedural memory
B) serial position effect
C) primacy effect
D) repetition priming

Question 35

This type of implicit memory refers to the way that a person's performance of certain tasks can improve without his or her awareness merely as a result of previous exposure to the task

A) procedural memory
B) serial position effect
C) repetition priming
D) primacy effect

Question 36

Your ability to ride a bike, drive a car, or anything else depends on this implicit memory store.

A) procedural memory
B) serial position effect
C) primacy effect
D) repetition priming

Question 37

Craik and Lockhart did not adhere to the notion that memory consists of separate stores and stages such as STM and LTM. Instead they proposed that

A) the more deeply an item is processed, the more likely it is to be recalled at a later date
B) encoding, storage, and retrieval were three parts of a general process of LTM.
C) the more deeply encoded a memory is, the more likely it is to be context dependent
D) the use of mnemonics illustrates that STM can be unlimited

Question 38

Craik and Lockhart demonstrated that words that had been encoded according to their meanings (semantic encoding) rather than sound or appearance were recalled more readily. Thus, they showed support for this theory of memory

A) state-dependent memory
B) the modal model of memory
C) the levels of processing framework
D) the constructivist view of memory

Question 39

The primacy and recency effects that result from recall tasks involving lists of words are evidence against

A) state-dependent memory
B) the modal model of memory
C) the levels of processing framework
D) the constructivist view of memory

Question 40

If you make a list of items to buy at the grocery store but forget your list at home, you will probably be able to remember the first few items on the list as an example of this serial position effect

A) primacy effect
B) recency effect
C) context effect
D) distinctiveness effect

Question 41

Supporters of the idea of distinct memory systems claim that this serial position effect is evidence of the existence of a separate short-term memory store

A) primacy effect
B) recency effect
C) context effect
D) distinctiveness effect

Question 42

Which of the following statements is NOT a valid conclusion from memory research on eyewitness testimony?

A) People are overconfident about the accuracy of their eyewitness accounts.
B) People will recognize a picture in a line-up as familiar even if they have never seen the picture before.
C) Though people are overconfident about their memories, they remain unaltered after hearing new information about an event.
D) Though people will wrongly identify suspects based on the suggestion to do so, if they believe that a suspect is not in a police line-up, they will not display the same confidence.

Question 43

Stephen Ceci created a series of studies showing that even under very gentle, non-coercive forms of repetitious questioning and suggestion, small children could be induced to

A) reveal details of forgotten experiences
B) recall details of events that never occurred
C) recall vivid details of the experimental sessions
D) hallucinate details of their past memories

Question 44

The false memories that Ceci and colleagues elicited in the laboratory particularly affect this type of memory

A) short-term memory
B) semantic memory
C) procedural memory
D) autobiographical memory

Question 45

Although fragments of memories and isolated images of events that occur between the ages of 3 and 4 are sometimes available to adults, coherent episodic memories are not usually available for events prior to the fourth birthday. This is known as

A) childhood amnesia
B) anterograde amnesia
C) forced forgetting
D) infantile amusia

Question 46

If you believe that you have accurate episodic memories of events prior to your fourth birthday, you are probably basing your belief on

A) the existence of photographs of the event
B) the emotional aspects of the experience
C) the rehearsal of the event in short-term memory
D) the encoding of specific details during your pre-school years

Question 47

By learning a series of nonsense syllables and repeatedly testing his memory for them, Hermann Ebbinghause demonstrated that most of the "action" in forgetting occurs quickly after the event. That effect is known as

A) the forgetting effect
B) the forgetting curve
C) the decay response
D) the interference curve

Question 48

With the exception of mildly depressed individuals, people remember more events associated with

A) pleasant feelings
B) unpleasant feelings
C) neutral feelings
D) minimal emotion

Question 49

In this type of interference, a memory that one has formed in the past interferes with the retrieval of a new memory-particularly if the new information is in some way similar to the old

A) proactive
B) retroactive
C) decay
D) recovered

Question 50

Most people have a bias towards remembering happy events

Question 51

Memories are constructed at the point of retrieval rather than played back

Question 52

Short-term memory is more likely to encode material semantically and has an unlimited capacity

Question 53

Working memory is a way of looking at what happens in short-term memory when information is manipulated or processed

Question 54

According to the LOP approach, the so-called 'short-term memory' simply represents deeper levels of processing, while LTM results from shallower levels of processing

Question 55

Memory is a set of cognitive systems that allow the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Question 56

Witness memory is more accurate when there is violence or a weapon present

Question 57

Persistence takes place when we recall past events in a way that enhances one's current view of oneself

Question 58

A rich false memory is vivid but false memory containing rich detail and emotional content

Question 59

The misinformation effect takes place when a person exposed to correct information about an event they have experienced later recall the event in a distorted manner by incorporating the correct information

Question 60

_________is the process of 'translating' sensory information and thoughts into a form that can be stored as a memory

Question 61

_________involves recognising or recalling something from storage in memory

Question 62

The _________model of memory views memory as consisting of three stages or stores.

Question 63

__________involves actively repeating or thinking about information so that it remains in short-term memory

Question 64

Memory _________refers to the amount of information that can be held in a memory store at any one time.

Question 65

__________generally results from damage to the hippocampus and surrounding tissue of the temporal lobe.

Question 66

_________memory is implicit memory for skills involving motor coordination

Question 67

_________of _________is the framework for understanding memory processes originated by Craik and Lockhart.

Question 68

Craik and Lockhart (1975) demonstrated that words which had been encoded _were recalled more readily than words encoded _________or _

Question 69

__________memory occurs when retrieval of a memory is enhanced in context that were similar to the one that existed when the memory was encoded

Question 70

Describe the components of the modal model of memory. In doing so, describe the various formats in which memories are encoded, both in short-term memory and in long-term memory

Question 71

Memory and learning are considered to be two sides of the same coin. Describe two examples of the overlap of the two processes in the brain.

Question 72

Three of the "sins" of memory have to do with forgetting. Identify and describe those three, giving an example of research that supports each "sin."

Question 73

Misattribution and false memory are two examples of memory distortion. Describe one piece of research that supports each concept. Then describe the state of the "recovered memory" controversy.