Deck 21: Social Influence and Attraction

Question 1

In the Milgram studies, this percentage of participants obeyed the experimenter and administered shocks to the danger level.

A) 1%
B) 50%
C) 65%
D) 95%

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Monitoring and attempting to control how we appear to other people is known as

A) self-improvement
B) impression management
C) self-help management
D) ego building

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to Leary and Kowalski, once we are motivated to obtain a desired goal, increase self-esteem, or alter our public identity we have to

A) manage our impression
B) construct the impression we wish to make
C) deconstruct the self-concept
D) imitate the person we want to impress

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In the age of the Internet, much of our self-presentation activities involve

A) human-computer interaction
B) human-factors psychology
C) computer-mediated communication
D) computer assisted design.

Question 5

When couples were asked to report how they met each other in a 2009 survey, online dating and social networking sites were second only to this reason for meeting.

A) meeting at school
B) being introduced by friends
C) meeting at a bar
D) going on a blind date

Question 6

Early studies of the effects of computer-mediated communication (CMC) on social relationships were limited mainly because of

A) the age of the participants
B) the low number of people using CMC
C) the type of CMC available
D) the average life span of participants

Question 7

Studies of computer-mediated communication (CMC) conducted in the 2000s revealed that CMC has a positive effect on personal relationships if

A) CMC is used to meet new people
B) CMC is used exclusively for dating
C) CMC is used to maintain existing relationships
D) CMC is used for professional networking

Question 8

People often find themselves drawn to others-for friendship, romance, or sex-for reasons that may not be immediately apparent to either person. This is called

A) attraction
B) attribution
C) attitude formation
D) libido

Question 9

Social psychologists refer to the tendency to seek mates who are similar to ourselves as

A) positive attraction
B) opposite attraction
C) positive assortment
D) negative assortment

Question 10

Researchers have found that people come to appreciate almost anything the more times they are exposed to it, be it letters, shapes, syllables, melodies, or faces. This phenomenon is called the

A) attraction formation effect
B) mere exposure effect
C) foot-in-the-door effect
D) pursuant effect

Question 11

According to Robert Zajonc, it is adaptive to be cautious around unfamiliar objects and people, and to be more open to familiar stimuli and individuals. This is the hypothesized basis for the

A) attraction formation effect
B) mere exposure effect
C) foot-in-the-door effect
D) pursuant effect

Question 12

In a study of the mere exposure effect using online chatting, participants who were randomly assigned to chat with the same partner for a greater number of consecutive days

A) grew to dislike their chatting partners
B) grew to like their chatting partners
C) could not remember the names of previous chatting partners
D) were unable to recall specific examples of conversations

Question 13

Cross-cultural studies of physical attractiveness illustrate that all of the following aspects of attractiveness vary according to culture, EXCEPT:

A) facial symmetry
B) bodily adornment and clothing
C) body decoration
D) body weight

Question 14

According to research, age affects physical attractiveness such that,

A) older women are judged to be more attractive than older men
B) facial attractiveness declines with age in both sexes
C) facial attractiveness declines in age only in men
D) younger women are judged to be less attractive than older men

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the variation in peak facial attractiveness between men and women

A) Women's peak facial attractiveness occurs before puberty.
B) Men's peak facial attractiveness occurs well after age 50.
C) Women's peak facial attractiveness occurs between adolescence and young adulthood.
D) Men's facial attractiveness peaks much earlier than women's.

Question 16

According to evolutionary psychologists, a large degree of facial symmetry may be evidence that

A) one has a weak immune system
B) one has attractive genitals
C) one has a strong immune system
D) one has mutated genes

Question 17

When attractiveness researchers speak of the averageness of a face, they are actually talking about

A) how masculine or feminine the face is
B) the diversity of genetic contributions to the face
C) how long or short the face is
D) the symmetry of all of the features on the face

Question 18

The sex differences in facial features and other aspects of the body are collectively referred to as

A) primary sex characteristics
B) sexual dimorphism
C) sexual bimodality
D) secondary sex characteristics

Question 19

All of the following are tendencies of masculine faces, EXCEPT:

A) narrow eyes
B) longer chins
C) fuller lips
D) more developed brows

Question 20

All of the following are tendencies of feminine faces, EXCEPT:

A) narrow eyes
B) shorter chins
C) fuller lips
D) high cheekbones

Question 21

Which of the following is true about ratings of highly feminized faces by men and women?

A) Women rate less feminized faces as more attractive.
B) Men and women rate highly feminized faces as more attractive.
C) Men rate highly feminized faces as more attractive, but women do not.
D) Men and women rate composite females faces as less attractive than a single face.

Question 22

Women tend to rate highly masculinized faces as more attractive in all of the following contexts, EXCEPT:

A) when evaluating a male as a potential short-term partner
B) when evaluating a male during peak fertility in the menstrual cycle
C) when evaluating a male during the onset of menopause
D) when evaluating a male as a potential long-term partner

Question 23

The tendency of people to bring their behaviour and/or attitudes in line with group norms and pressures is called

A) obedience
B) conformity
C) social loafing
D) the bystander effect

Question 24

In his classic experiment on conformity, Solomon Asch asked naïve participants to perform this task in the presence of other individuals that were actually confederates of the experimenter.

A) guess the height of the experimenter
B) judge the length of a card presented in front of them
C) match the length of a line to one of three comparison lines
D) discuss the relevance of visual perception for studies of conformity

Question 25

This kind of influence on conformity is based on a rational desire to seek realistic information about some situation from the group and adjust behaviour accordingly.

A) normative influence
B) motivational influence
C) informational influence
D) cognitive influence

Question 26

As in the case of the Asch experiments, people are sometimes motivated to conform to avoid embarrassment or obtain approval from the group. This is called

A) normative influence
B) motivational influence
C) informational influence
D) cognitive influence

Question 27

In a study of the normative influence on energy conservation among a group of Californians, this was the best predictor of a person's self-reported conservation efforts.

A) "it benefits society"
B) "it protects the environment"
C) "it is the right thing to do"
D) "other Californians are doing it"

Question 28

This special kind of conformity results from group members not wanting to adversely affect group morale, make waves, or appear disloyal to the group leader.

A) group dynamics
B) groupthink
C) obedience
D) self-observer bias

Question 29

Groupthink is often influenced by this social psychological phenomenon, related to positive illusions.

A) unanimity
B) overconfidence
C) lack of information
D) repression

Question 30

All of the following are examples of symptoms of groupthink, EXCEPT:

A) The possibility that a plan may fail is not considered.
B) Individual group members voice their doubts and disagreements.
C) There is spoken or unspoken pressure among members to agree to a particular plan.
D) Everyone in the group shares the same faulty explanations for why a particular strategy or tactic is necessary.

Question 31

All of the following are ways that the Milgram studies do not correspond to the actualities of mass killing and genocide, EXCEPT:

A) The participants in the Milgram studies were assured by a strict but nonetheless apparently benevolent expert that no real harm would befall the "learner."
B) If participants were given an excuse to avoid obeying the experimenter, they would generally avoid administering shocks.
C) Milgram's participants demonstrated little mental conflict or anguish when delivering the shocks.
D) The Milgram studies lasted approximately 1 hour.

Question 32

Our _ is the portion of our personal identity that comes from our beliefs about belonging to social groups and categories

A) Social identity
B) Self-esteem
C) Positive assortment
D) Impression management

Question 33

This experimental paradigm involves creating artificial social categories and testing members' responses to members of in-groups and out-groups

A) Random groups
B) In-group out-group procedure
C) Taijfel procedure
D) Minimal groups

Question 34

This theory is an explanation for a range of social-psychological phenomena based on the idea that we are influenced in attitudes and behaviour by the norms of social categories with which we identify.

A) Impression management theory
B) Social comparison theory
C) Social identity theory
D) Mere exposure theory

Question 35

Spearman (1927) conceived love of consisting of

A) A single factor
B) Four factors
C) Three factors
D) Eight factors

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a component of love identified by Thurstone (1938)

A) passion
B) trust
C) care
D) mutual respect

Question 37

In the triangular model of love, Stenberg (1986) viewed love as having three dimensions, these are

A) Intimacy, passion, commitment
B) Passion, trust, mutual respect
C) Care, affection, commitment
D) Love, hate, compromise

Question 38

Participants that do not know what is taking place are called

A) stooges
B) naïve participants
C) confederates
D) uniformed subjects

Question 39

The echo chamber effect takes place when

A) social media algorithms eliminate opinions different from our own and give us the impression that our views are non-controversial
B) we are exposed to a biased selection of opinions that echo our own, reinforcing our views and perhaps making them more extreme
C) the motivation to conform may be informational
D) Participants are kept in a chamber and asked to escape either with and without the help of others

Question 40

Congeniality bias is

A) when social media algorithms eliminate opinions different from our own and give us the impression that our views are non-controversial
B) when we are exposed to a biased selection of opinions that echo our own, reinforcing our views and perhaps making them more extreme
C) our tendency to select sources of information that appear friendly because they express views like our own
D) another phrase for conformity bias

Question 41

Filter bubbles result

A) when social media algorithms eliminate opinions different from our own and give us the impression that our views are non-controversial
B) when we are exposed to a biased selection of opinions that echo our own, reinforcing our views and perhaps making them more extreme
C) when our tendency to select sources of information that appear friendly because they express views like our own
D) the motivation to conform may be informational

Question 42

Leary and Kowalski (1990) describe impression management as consisting of these two processes:

A) Impression motivation and impression construction
B) Impression motivation and impression demotivation
C) Impression management and self-presentation
D) False identity and true identity

Question 43

_ is the product of the factors that draw one person towards another for friendship, sex, romance, or another sort of relationship

A) Attraction
B) Assortment
C) Accumulation
D) Love

Question 44

The frequency with which people come into contact is termed

A) conformity
B) assortment
C) exposure
D) propinquity

Question 45

Resis et al, (2011) found evidence to suggest that

A) Those participating in longer interactions reported lower levels of attraction to each other
B) Those participating in longer interactions reported higher levels of attraction to each other
C) Those participating in shorter interactions reported higher levels of attraction to each other
D) Those who did not participant in face to face interactions were not attracted to each other

Question 46

In a partial replication of Milgram's procedure, Burger (2009) found that

A) Obedience rates were similar than for Milgram's study
B) Obedience rates were slightly lower than for Milgram's study
C) Obedience rates were slightly higher than for Milgram's study
D) Obedience rates were much higher than for Milgram's study

Question 47

This explanation of obedience in Milgram's work is based on the central idea is that participants obeyed the experimenter because they identified with them as part of a high- status pro-research group

A) Social engagement explanation
B) Engaged followership explanation
C) Positive assortment explanation
D) Obedience withdrawal explanation

Question 48

This effect explains the tendency for behaviours that are exhibited when one is alone to be minimised in the presence of others

A) Social comparison
B) Social mobility
C) Social facilitation effect
D) Social inhibition effect

Question 49

Holt-Lunstad estimated that the detrimental influence on health for lack of social contact equates to

A) Drinking 8 units of alcohol per day
B) Eating 4000 calories per day
C) Being dehydrated
D) Smoking 15 cigarettes per day

Question 50

When Stanley Milgram asked a group of psychiatrists how many of the research participants in his obedience studies would deliver shocks all the way to the XXX level, they predicted that between 62 percent and 65 percent of participants would comply.

Question 51

According to research on the mere exposure effect, a person's name may influence important career decisions. Dentists are more likely to be named Denise or Dennis than other names, and lawyers are more likely to be named Laura or Larry.

Question 52

People often attempt to create an impression that is consistent with the person they perceive themselves to be, but not the person that they "really are."

Question 53

Seventy percent of heterosexual couples in a nationally representative sample interviewed in 2009 reported that they met over the Internet, with online dating accounting for the majority of these meetings.

Question 54

Researchers have found that people come to appreciate almost anything the more times they are exposed to it, be it letters, shapes, syllables, melodies, faces-or people.

Question 55

Although attractiveness decreases in women's faces as they age, men are perceived to lose facial attractiveness with age much more rapidly.

Question 56

Studies of energy conservation attitudes among Californians illustrated that people are often unaware of the normative influences to conform in their own lives.

Question 57

Though groupthink is a risk in any situation in which a group must make an important decision under pressure, it has not historically affected political judgments.

Question 58

It may be that factors of the prison situation interacted with the personality factors of the volunteers to create the abuses that arose during Zimbardo's experiment.

Question 59

Feminine faces tend to have larger eyes (relative to face size), less developed brows, the appearance of high cheekbones, shorter and less pronounced chins that appear more fragile or graceful, and fuller lips.

Question 60

Like it or not, a great deal-a very great deal-of self-presentation occurs over the Internet in ______.

Question 61

As the __________effect predicted, participants' liking for each other increased as a function of the number of days they engaged in the chat routines.

Question 62

_________ motivations and influences to conform reflect the desire to obtain approval from the group or avoid embarrassment-as in the case of participants in the Asch experiment.

Question 63

Developed by Tajfel and colleagues in the 1970s the __________experimental paradigm involves creating artificial social categories and testing members' responses to members of in-groups and out-groups.

Question 64

The tendency to mate with a person who is similar to you in various characteristics is known as ______.

Question 65

Self-presentation or __________is the process by which people attempt to monitor and control the impressions that others form of them.

Question 66

The central idea of social identity theory is that we categorize ourselves and others and that to maintain a positive __________we emphasize the positive aspects of our _______.

Question 67

According to Sternberg (1986) love can be viewed as having three dimensions; intimacy, _________and ______.

Question 68

Triplett (1898) found that children wound up a fishing reel faster in pairs than alone. This is an example of __________- when behaviour or performance is enhanced by the presence of others.

Question 69

Some psychology experiments involve placing participants in social situations where other people know what is happening but they do not. _________participants are participants who do not know what is taking place, where _________are people who are present who know the details of the experiments.

Question 70

Impression construction and self-presentation have changed dramatically with the advent of computer-mediated communication (CMC). Discuss the ways in which CMC has affected our social lives.

Question 71

We often feel strong pressures to conform to the group that we identify with. Discuss the various influences (normative and informational) on our behaviour, and how they might lead to groupthink and deindividuation.

Question 72

Discuss different approaches to love and relationship formation. In your answer make reference to the psychometric model of love and triangular model of love.

Question 73

Critically consider our understanding of destructive obedience in the light of modern re-analysis and replication of destructive obedience research including that concerning individual differences.