Deck 17: Emotion

Question 1

These psychological states are typically less intense than emotions, but may pervade a person's life for days, weeks, months, or possibly even years at a time.

A) affects
B) feelings
C) moods
D) arousals

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Psychologists use this term to describe the general quality of feelings and emotions.

A) mood
B) affect
C) arousal
D) activation

Answer 2

B

Question 3

From an evolutionary perspective, it makes sense that many of our basic emotions are negative rather than positive because

A) harmful situations may have commanded our attention to a greater degree than situations that were benign or helpful
B) the only helpful situation that resulted in an emotion was sexual intercourse
C) humans that displayed more aggressiveness tended to pass on more of their emotional traits to future generations
D) the likelihood of experiencing a harmful situation is less than experiencing a helpful situation

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to Damasio (1994), after Elliot suffered damage to a circuit between the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala, and his emotional experiences were blocked from consciousness, Elliot's decision making

A) became more rational and efficient
B) led to a promotion at work
C) became dysfunctional and unintelligent
D) stayed relatively the same as before his injury

Question 5

The ability to identify, manage, and express one's emotions constructively and to empathize with the emotions of others has been termed

A) intrapersonal intelligence
B) emotional intelligence
C) intersocial intelligence
D) social intelligence

Question 6

Members of all nationalities, cultures, and both sexes agree on this dimension of ideal affect, that is, we all want to "feel good" rather than "feel bad."

A) valence
B) activation
C) arousal
D) excitement

Question 7

Which of the following descriptions of ideal affect describes the dimension known as activation?

A) Bob enjoys stamp collecting because he likes the colors of the stamps.
B) Emily enjoys action movies mainly because they are exciting and stimulating.
C) Mary hardly every calls her parents for fear that they might intrude on her happiness.
D) Jackson prefers to listen to music that matches his mood.

Question 8

According to basic emotion theorists, basic emotions are innate, entirely distinct, and can be compared to

A) the set of primary colours that can be blended to make other colours
B) the multitude of traits that make up the human personality
C) the number of cells in the retina of each eye
D) the distinctiveness of individual snowflakes

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a basic emotion by most psychologists?

A) fear
B) surprise
C) disgust
D) anxiety

Question 10

Paul Ekman eventually discovered that specific facial muscles were involved in creating the expressions of basic emotion, and he has catalogued these muscular configurations into a coding scheme known as the

A) facial action coding system
B) emotion representation system
C) facial manipulation schema
D) system of orbicularis oculi

Question 11

In certain cultures or subcultures one is expected to express grief at funerals of loved ones by wailing, weeping, and pounding the coffin. The cultural standards for such behaviour are called

A) emotion schemas
B) facial recognition
C) display rules
D) activation displays

Question 12

According to an online survey conducted by the Science Museum, how many lies on average do British adults tell each day?

A) 2
B) 7
C) 1
D) 16

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT among Ekman's dimensions of variation for display rules?

A) intensifying
B) neutralizing
C) masking
D) elaborating

Question 14

According to research, people can tell when someone is lying about

A) 50% of the time
B) 10% of the time
C) 90% of the time
D) 75% of the time

Question 15

All of the following are reasons why lie detection is difficult, EXCEPT:

A) the cues that a person is lying are faint
B) the cues that a person is lying are obvious
C) a person may be nervous when telling the truth and when lying
D) people are not easy to lie to under laboratory conditions

Question 16

Cognitive psychologists have determined that telling a lie is more demanding such that it increases a person's

A) perception threshold
B) just-noticeable difference
C) cognitive load
D) affective reasoning

Question 17

This early theory of emotion asserts that we are happy because we are smiling, sad because we are crying, and frightened because our hearts are racing and our palms are sweating

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) two-factor theory
D) cognitive appraisal theory

Question 18

This theory of emotion asserts that when some sort of emotion-laden event is perceived, the sensory impulses are relayed to the thalamus first. The thalamus in turn stimulates both the autonomic nervous system and the cerebral cortex at about the same time.

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) two-factor theory
D) cognitive appraisal theory

Question 19

The main weakness of both the James-Lange theory and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion is that neither theory addressed

A) the implicit memory that we have for emotional situations
B) the input of the emotional environment on our well-being
C) the cognitive activity that must take place to experience an emotion
D) the nature of the emotional response in terms of motivation

Question 20

Researchers found that injecting people with stimulant drugs that simulate the physiological fight-or-flight response led to different emotional experiences when participants were exposed to an agitated experimenter or a humorous experimenter. This is consistent with which theory of emotion?

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) two-factor theory
D) cognitive appraisal theory

Question 21

According to this theory of emotion, the emotional experience is a cognitive appraisal of the autonomic nervous system activity that preceded the emotion.

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) two-factor theory
D) cognitive appraisal theory

Question 22

According to the cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion, the cognitive appraisal of an event

A) precedes the emotional or physiological changes
B) counteracts the emotional or physiological changes
C) is often confused with the physiological changes
D) is directly related to the motivation that one has to change the event

Question 23

According to research by LeDoux, the amygdala is activated during many emotions, but appears to be the most important brain region responsible for

A) sexual responses
B) fear responses
C) anger responses
D) approach responses

Question 24

This direct pathway from this area of the brain to the amygdala accounts for the fact that we can respond instantly with fear to the appearance of potentially threatening visual or auditory stimuli.

A) corpus callosum
B) hypothalamus
C) thalamus
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 25

According to this view of emotion, the sights, sounds, physiological processes, and patterns of body movement that occur during experience of the emotion are encoded in clusters of neurons assigned to each of these various sensory modalities.

A) sensory emotion
B) physiological theory
C) embodied emotion
D) reactivating emotion

Question 26

Researchers found that simply having the muscles of the cheeks associated with smiling lifted with bandages increased happiness ratings in a group of volunteers. This study is consistent with this theory of emotion

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) two-factor theory
D) embodied emotion theory

Question 27

This emotion is generally the reaction to an unpleasant event or idea, but can also be a personality trait.

A) anxiety
B) fear
C) anger
D) contempt

Question 28

According to this notion, you may be able to push anger around and situate it in various places in your mind, but you cannot get rid of it without expressing it.

A) two-factor theory
B) hydraulic model of emotion
C) general aggression model
D) psychoanalytic release

Question 29

This term, derived from the Greek word for "cleansing," was first described by Sigmund Freud and is usually referred to as venting

A) catharsis
B) Oedipus complex
C) anima
D) animus

Question 30

Recent studies suggest that venting at something other than the specific person who angered you is likely to

A) make you feel relaxed
B) enhance your catharsis technique
C) enhance your physique
D) make you feel more angry

Question 31

When psychologists refer to happiness, they are talking about

A) specific instances of intense joy
B) the basic emotion of enjoyment
C) general fulfilment and well-being
D) the prospect of attaining eternal joy

Question 32

Since the 1950s, psychological surveys about happiness have suggested that people believe that they would be happier if they had more

A) sex
B) intimate friendships
C) money
D) social resources

Question 33

Psychologist Ed Diener has found that income is related to happiness primarily in terms of a person's

A) emotional well-being
B) social psychological prosperity
C) standard of living
D) respect in the community

Question 34

Having a lot of money may increase your level of happiness if you often spend your money on

A) charitable giving
B) lifestyle and travel
C) material possessions
D) food and drink

Question 35

There is strong evidence that a tendency toward happiness is inherited and is related to

A) neuroticism
B) temperament
C) attachment style
D) parenting

Question 36

Over our lifetimes, the level of happiness we experience tends to

A) be fixed from birth
B) vary around a "set point," similar to our baseline body weight
C) vary wildly, especially during later life
D) decrease as we enter old age

Question 37

Research suggests that about 50% of one's level of happiness is determined by one's

A) intentional activities
B) life circumstances
C) happiness set point
D) social development

Question 38

A smile of genuine enjoyment is known as a

A) Duchenne smile
B) Ekman smile
C) genuine smile
D) FACS smile

Question 39

The human fear response is regulated by two pathways, one of which runs to the cerebral cortex. This pathway is

A) highly sensitive to fear-provoking stimuli
B) highly specific so that it responds to only certain fear-provoking stimuli
C) often hijacked by the activity in the thalamus
D) only sensitive to visual fear-provoking stimuli

Question 40

According to this view of emotion, the sights, sounds, physiological processes, and patterns of body movement that occur during experience of the emotion are encoded in clusters of neurons assigned to each of these various sensory modalities.

A) sensory emotion
B) physiological theory
C) embodied emotion
D) reactivating emotion

Question 41

According to this hypothesis, activating the muscles that form facial expressions associated with basic emotions can sometimes create the experience of having an emotion.

A) orbicularis oculi hypothesis
B) imitation hypothesis
C) facial feedback hypothesis
D) facial empathy hypothesis

Question 42

In a study of police officers evaluating statements made on video tape, the officers' average accuracy in detecting lies was

A) 86%
B) 50%
C) 15%
D) 72%

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement

A) Telling a lie is more demanding on a person's cognitive resources than telling the truth
B) Lying increases cognitive load
C) Emotions linked to lying may be linked to truth-telling as well
D) On average, people can tell a truth from a lie around 80% of time

Question 44

The cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion was proposed by

A) Jerome Singer
B) Joseph LeDoux
C) Richard Lazarus
D) Stanley Schachter

Question 45

Oishi and colleagues (2018) found evidence that

A) Progressive taxation appears to be good for happiness
B) Regressive taxation appears to be good for happiness
C) There is no difference in happiness depending on different forms of taxation
D) Taxation per se is negatively associated with happiness

Question 46

Ekman and Friesen (1975) found that American subjects rarely varied their reactions to a film while sitting alone and in the presence of others, however Japanese subjects were more likely to keep their reactions to a minimum in the presence of others. This has been used for evidence

A) that Japanese subjects are more shy than American subjects
B) that there are cultural norms and expectations that govern what is or is not a socially acceptable way to display emotion
C) that there was bias in the samples selected for the experiment
D) that display rules do not exist

Question 47

Neutralizing refers to

A) the complete hiding of emotions
B) when one is expected to intensity their emotions because of the social situations
C) pretending to feel a certain emotion while actually feeling a different one
D) the process of change from an intense emotion to a less intense emotion

Question 48

The first cognitive theory, known as the two-factor theory of emotion was devised by

A) Jerome Singer
B) Joseph LeDoux
C) Richard Lazarus
D) Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer

Question 49

An emotion can be defined as a

A) feeling state that is typically less intense than an mood, but which may last for a much longer time
B) more general feeling state which provides the 'raw material' from which emotions and moods are created
C) short-lived, intense psychological state with physiological elements and the subjective experience of a feeling
D) the ability to identify, manage, and express one's mood constructively and to empathize with others

Question 50

High emotional intelligence is associated with the following positive outcomes, EXCEPT

A) Academic performance
B) Organizational leadership
C) Personal relationships
D) The frequency of lying

Question 51

Although most of us prefer to experience pleasant emotions, the number of possible unpleasant emotional states greatly outnumbers the number of pleasant ones

Question 52

There seems to be little variation across cultures regarding the level of activation we prefer in emotional experiences

Question 53

Each of the basic emotions is entirely distinct-a person simply cannot confuse enjoyment/happiness with fear, sadness with disgust, or contempt with surprise

Question 54

In cross-cultural studies of facial emotion recognition the American participants used the eyes to diagnose the emotion, whereas the Japanese participants tended to use the mouth

Question 55

Display rules are implicit standards and expectations that regulate the way emotion is displayed in a given culture

Question 56

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion asserts that we are happy because we are smiling, sad because we are crying, and frightened because our hearts are racing and our palms are sweating

Question 57

In most public opinion polls conducted worldwide, relatively few people report being generally happy or satisfied

Question 58

The hydraulic model of emotions was popularized in the work of Sigmund Freud, and continues to be the best general explanation of anger and venting

Question 59

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, activating the muscles that form facial expressions associated with basic emotions can not only increase the intensity of the corresponding emotion if one already feels it, but can sometimes actually create the experience of emotion

Question 60

The two-factor theory differs from the James-Lange theory in that James and Lange believed that the generation of emotion was a virtually automatic response to physiological arousal, without the necessity of "higher order" cognitive processes intervening

Question 61

Paul Ekman eventually discovered that specific facial muscles were involved in creating the expressions of basic emotion, and he has catalogued these muscular configurations into a coding scheme known as the ____.

Question 62

The __________theory of emotion asserts that we are happy because we are smiling, sad because we are crying, and frightened because our hearts are racing and our palms are sweating.

Question 63

According to Cannon and Bard, when some sort of emotion-laden event is perceived, the sensory impulses are relayed to the ______, which then stimulates the autonomic nervous system and cerebral cortex

Question 64

Researchers estimated that about 50% of one's level of happiness is determined by ________, 10% by one's life circumstances, and 40% by one's "intentional activities."

Question 65

The ___________theory of emotion states that autonomic nervous system arousal occurs not directly, but only after the thought or event has been appraised so that the meaning of the event is interpreted by the person.

Question 66

The relief one may experience by expressing emotion is termed ______, which comes from the Greek word for "cleansing."

Question 67

Telling a lie is more _________on a person's cognitive resources than telling the truth, and increases _____.

Question 68

Although we all experience similar emotions, there are __________in which emotions have a name and in how we _________and read emotion from facial expressions.

Question 69

The __________hypothesis argues that the facial expression associated with a basic emotion increases the intensity experience of that emotion.

Question 70

This cathartic strategy that has been found to significantly benefit physical and mental health, and involves writing about one's feelings is known as ______.

Question 71

Researchers agree that there is a basic set of emotions that are particularly well represented across different cultures. Identify all of the basic emotions and describe some of Paul Ekman's research on the facial action coding system and display rules

Question 72

There are four general theories about how emotions are triggered by activation of the nervous system. Briefly describe all four theories and discuss how none of the theories is necessarily better than any of the other

Question 73

Happiness is an important goal in most people's lives. Discuss genetic and cultural/environmental reasons why some people are happier than others

Question 74

What is meant by embodied emotion? In your answer make reference to research into facial feedback.