Deck 16: Motivation

Question 1

These are mental states that cause people to engage in purposive behaviour

A) emotions
B) motivations
C) attitudes
D) beliefs

Answer 1

B

Question 2

When you throw your hands up reflexively, to protect your face from a foul ball at a baseball game, your behaviour is not motivated because it is not

A) intentional
B) protective
C) adaptive
D) alert

Answer 2

A

Question 3

All of the following are defining characteristics of motivated behaviour, EXCEPT:

A) purposeful
B) caused by a specific mental stage
C) intentional
D) adaptive

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The characteristic of motivation that is most difficult to examine empirically is

A) intentionality
B) mental state
C) purpose
D) adaptability

Question 5

Which of the following situations most suggests the existence of unconscious motivation for behaviour?

A) Billy scheduled a haircut for 4:30p.m. and arrived on time.
B) Diamond knew she would be late for class, so she emailed her professor.
C) Grace does not like going to the doctor, and she accidentally missed her appointment this morning.
D) Anthony dislikes his roommate, so he often buys food that only he enjoys.

Question 6

Which of the following perspectives on psychology would assert that motivation is not an appropriate topic for scientific study?

A) cognitive
B) psychoanalytic
C) behaviourist
D) structuralist

Question 7

Motivation cannot be directly observed, but it may be measured by examining changes in the

A) reinforcing consequences of a behaviour
B) intensity and persistence of behaviour
C) emotional effort required to perform a behaviour
D) frequency and independence of a behaviour

Question 8

A person may wish to increase her health, life span, and attractiveness and therefore be motivated to quit smoking. Yet the same person might also want to avoid the extreme discomfort brought on by tobacco withdrawal and therefore be motivated not to quit smoking. Those two conflicting goals will produce

A) persistent motivation
B) ambivalent motivation
C) intense motivation
D) negative motivation

Question 9

These behaviours stem from innate, automatic behavioural tendencies that will occur reliably in all members of a species in response to some sort of cue from the

A) adaptations
B) regressions
C) instincts
D) motivations

Question 10

William James believed that instinctual behaviour resulted from specific events. For example, sympathy for a child might instinctually result from the sound of a child's cry. Psychologists refer to the child's cry as a(n)

A) releasing stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned stimulus
D) evoking stimulus

Question 11

Which of the following statements about instincts is consistent with James's and McDougall's hypotheses about instincts?

A) Instincts develop as fixed-action patterns, resulting from important environmental events.
B) Instincts represent relatively consistent behavioral tendencies that are subject to some change over time.
C) Instincts are encoded in the nervous system such that they may be elicited by inappropriate stimuli.
D) People who go with their groups are conforming to the conformity instinct.

Question 12

Modern psychologists use this term to refer to instincts such as the rooting reflex in new-borns.

A) fixed-action patterns
B) fixed-ratio behaviours
C) variable-action patterns
D) variable-skill sets

Question 13

When an explanation consists merely of a label or a description-for example, "he starts fights because he is aggressive"-it is of limited value and can be called

A) regressive
B) illogical
C) circumvent
D) circular

Question 14

Which of the following statements about instinctual behaviour qualifies as a circular explanation?

A) Men are more interested in action movies because men are more aggressive.
B) Adolescents experience mood swings because of the changes in their hormonal secretions.
C) Humans are motivated to find mates because doing so is pleasurable and adaptive.
D) Babies instinctually turn their heads and open their mouths when something strokes their cheek so that they are prepared to feed.

Question 15

According to evolutionary psychologists, humans are motivated to seek pleasure in eating, social relationships, sex, and other activities because

A) Babies instinctually turn their heads and open their mouths when something strokes their cheeks so that they are prepared to feed.
B) Adolescents experience mood swings because of the changes in their hormonal secretions.
C) Humans are motivated to find mates because doing so is pleasurable and adaptive.
D) Men are more interested in action movies because men are more aggressive.

Question 16

According to this early motivational theory, behaviour is motivated primarily by the desire to reduce unpleasant conditions of arousal that result from basic physiological needs.

A) adaptation theory
B) reduction theory
C) drive theory
D) homeostatic theory

Question 17

In psychological theory, drives are

A) motivations to attain pleasure
B) unpleasant arousal states
C) tendencies to want change
D) pleasant feelings of wanting

Question 18

Drive theory is based on the notion that organisms seek to maintain a steady, consistent, and balanced physiological state, called

A) homeostasis
B) homeopathy
C) needs hierarchy
D) self-actualization

Question 19

According to this motivational theory, if arousal levels are too high, as when drives are activated, the organism seeks to reduce arousal. But if they are too low, as during periods of boredom or excessive rest, arousal is actively sought

A) drive-reduction theory
B) optimal arousal theory
C) self-actualization theory
D) incentive theory

Question 20

When we are pulled toward something like taking a recreational drug, even if no specific drive or arousal system has been activated to push us there, we are most likely motivated by

A) drive-reduction
B) optimal arousal
C) incentives
D) extrinsic motivation

Question 21

Studying hard for an exam so that you perform well can be rewarding in that it brings a sense of personal accomplishment and satisfaction-regardless of any tangible reward. This is an example of

A) intrinsic motivation
B) extrinsic motivation
C) drive-reduction
D) self-actualization

Question 22

Some researchers believe that this kind of motivation can reduce the efficiency of learning and the engagement of the learners.

A) intrinsic motivation
B) extrinsic motivation
C) drive-reduction
D) self-actualization

Question 23

Frequency of behaviour can be manipulated by

A) intrinsic motives
B) extrinsic motives
C) both intrinsic and extrinsic motives
D) neither intrinsic or extrinsic motives

Question 24

Closely related to drives, these are internal states of tension that motivation a person toward some action.

A) needs
B) incentives
C) justifications
D) securities

Question 25

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, these life-sustaining needs take precedence over needs for belonging and achievement.

A) primary motivations
B) secondary motivations
C) tertiary motivations
D) need-based motivations

Question 26

Which of the following tenets of Maslow's original hierarchy of needs has been corroborated by scientific evidence since the 1990s?

A) All humans demonstrate the need for self-actualization.
B) Satisfaction of higher-level needs can only be achieved if basic physiological and safety needs are met.
C) Primary needs are easy for most people to satisfy if they are also able to achieve their secondary needs.
D) There is a universal human need to achieve high status in one's social environment.

Question 27

Kenrick and colleagues recently updated Maslow's hierarchy to summarize needs and motivations that are

A) fundamental in an evolutionary sense
B) fundamental from a genetic perspective
C) selectively applied via cultural evolution
D) universally accepted by all cultures

Question 28

In Kenrick's updated needs pyramid, all of the following needs were preserved, EXCEPT:

A) self-actualization needs
B) physiological needs
C) safety needs
D) esteem/respect needs

Question 29

Which of Maslow's original needs did Kenrick and colleagues contain within their categories of affiliation/belongingness, mate acquisition, mate retention, and parenting?

A) self-actualization
B) affiliation
C) safety
D) esteem/respect needs

Question 30

All of the following are levels of analysis of Kenrick's pyramid of needs, EXCEPT:

A) fundamental
B) evolutionary
C) cognitive
D) developmental

Question 31

Immediate needs for food, water, and shelter, but also needs to associate with other people (affiliation) and enter close relationships (belongingness), are on this level of analysis in Kenrick's pyramid.

A) fundamental
B) evolutionary
C) cognitive
D) developmental

Question 32

The developmental level views the pyramid of needs in terms of the fact that

A) different needs may become more or less prominent over time
B) different needs may become more or less prominent in different species
C) the physiological needs develop as the body develops
D) the safety needs are less important as an individual ages

Question 33

This level of Kenrick's pyramid describes proximate causes of motivated behaviour, for example, your decision to swat at a fly rather than pay attention to what your significant other is saying to you.

A) fundamental
B) evolutionary
C) cognitive
D) developmental

Question 34

All of the following statements describe motivations that are nearly universal, EXCEPT:

A) All humans need to drink water and eat food to survive.
B) Some people are motivated to aggress under a great many conditions, whereas others experience aggressive motivation under unusual circumstances.
C) All humans are motivated to seek the approval of the highest-ranking member of their immediate social group.
D) Motivation to engage in sexual intercourse helps pass on behaviors to the next generation.

Question 35

Extrinsic motives involve an action

A) being rewarding in itself
B) being both rewarding in itself and being rewarded from something external
C) being rewarding from something external
D) have no concrete incentive

Question 36

These are psychologists' terms for relatively stable, enduring personal characteristics, attributes, and motives for behaviour.

A) traits
B) types
C) personalities
D) archetypes

Question 37

If Dr. Foster describes Bob as an honest, conscientious, and sociable person, she is describing him using

A) types
B) personalities
C) traits
D) factors

Question 38

Though traits are used to categorize people in terms of the behaviours they are likely to present, they can be problematic because

A) there are not enough traits to label every human behavior
B) people should not be put into categories in an individualist society
C) psychologists are interested in behaviors that are predictable
D) people may behave differently from one situation to the next

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT true about motivation and performance, according to goal-setting theory?

A) Setting specific goals directs attention toward activity that will help accomplish the job.
B) Setting specific and difficult goals increases effort.
C) People are more willing to work harder and longer to attain specific and difficult, but obtainable goals.
D) The more attainable the goal, the higher the level of motivation and performance.

Question 40

In 1981 Doran proposed the idea of SMART targets. Which of the following is not one of the five characteristics of a target?

A) Specific
B) Malleable
C) Assignable
D) Realistic

Question 41

A person's belief about his or her ability to produce change or accomplish a specific task through his or her efforts is called

A) perceived self-monitoring
B) perceived self-efficacy
C) perceived competence
D) perceived performance

Question 42

People who are high in internal locus of control have a tendency toward high

A) goal setting
B) compassion
C) perceived self-efficacy
D) competence

Question 43

Dweck (2000) is best known for her work on

A) The Hierarchy of needs
B) Intelligence tests
C) SMART targets
D) Implicit theories of intelligence

Question 44

Sam holds the view that no matter how hard he works it will not make a difference to his exam result, Sam is likely to have a

A) Growth mindset
B) Low self-esteem
C) Fixed mindset
D) High emotional intelligence

Question 45

A growth mindset is based on the belief that intelligence is changeable, this believe is called the

A) Incremental theory of intelligence
B) Mindsets theory of intelligence
C) Entity theory of intelligence
D) Growth theory of intelligence

Question 46

This term describes the homeostatic drive state intended to satisfy needs for immediate energy and/or overall nutrition.

A) appetite
B) hunger
C) bingeing
D) thirst

Question 47

In some instances it has been proposed that extrinsic motivation might undermine rather than support the learning experience in humans, particularly if the learning experience is intrinsically interesting, this is often referred to as

A) Drive effect
B) Vicarious learning
C) Classical conditioning
D) Undermining effect

Question 48

Harris and Campbell (1999) concluded that

A) Belief in the secondary gains of pregnancy cannot predict unplanned pregnancy
B) Belief in secondary gains of pregnancy was related to SES
C) Belief in the secondary gains of pregnancy is strongly predictive of unplanned pregnancy
D) Unconscious motivation is not a factor in pregnancy

Question 49

In their study examining secondary gains from unplanned pregnancies, Harris and Campbell (1999) found that

A) 8% of the unplanned pregnancy group were judged to believe in a high probability of secondary gain from pregnancy as opposed to 16% of the planned pregnancy group and 44% control group
B) 44% of the unplanned pregnancy group were judged to believe in a high probability of secondary gain from pregnancy as opposed to 6% of the planned pregnancy group and 32% control group
C) 89% of the unplanned pregnancy group were judged to believe in a high probability of secondary gain from pregnancy as opposed to 34% of the planned pregnancy group and 11% control group
D) 44% of the unplanned pregnancy group were judged to believe in a high probability of secondary gain from pregnancy as opposed to 16% of the planned pregnancy group and 8% control group

Question 50

An internal locus of control has been associated with

A) Higher levels of need
B) Higher levels of motivation
C) No differences in motivation
D) Lower levels of motivation

Question 51

Heavily influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, James proposed that most human behaviour is motivated by instincts

Question 52

Fixed-action patterns are so strongly "encoded" in the nervous system that an animal may sometimes engage in instinctive behaviours when faced with inappropriate stimuli

Question 53

Drive theorists proposed that behaviour is motivated primarily by the desire to increase pleasant conditions of arousal that result from basic physiological needs

Question 54

If extrinsic rewards such as grades are viewed as feedback to help improve one's performance, or if the reward is well earned for intrinsically interesting work successfully performed, intrinsic motivation may be increased

Question 55

The evolutionary level of Kenrick's pyramid of needs examines how the various needs evolved through natural selection to help solve specific survival- or reproduction-related problems faced recurrently by our ancestors

Question 56

From Bandura's perspective, all other motivating factors, emotional or cognitive, have at their roots a core belief that we can produce change by our own actions

Question 57

Maslow proposed that high-level needs become activated only when lower-level needs are satisfied

Question 58

Those with a high internal locus of control tend to attribute life events to external rather than internal causes

Question 59

Personality traits are unstable and have been found to undergo dramatic change throughout adolescence

Question 60

Getting high on recreational drugs or alcohol is a good example of behaviour that is often needs-based and motivated by self-actualization

Question 61

Conflicting goals like wanting to quit smoking but also wanting to avoid nicotine withdrawal produce _________motivation.

Question 62

The term ___________was coined to replace use of the term instinct among most scientists.

Question 63

Research has shown that when students work from _________motivation they learn more efficiently, are more engaged and enthusiastic, and use more effective study strategies

Question 64

According to Bandura, human beings first and foremost work to exercise _________over the nature and quality of their lives

Question 65

_________is used to describe a steady, regulated stat where various physiological processes are maintained at an appropriate level.

Question 66

Hull (1943) proposed the _________theory of motivation, driven by he idea that behaviour is motivated primarily by the desire to reduce _________conditions of arousal which have results from basic psychological needs.

Question 67

The __________states that adding an extrinsic motive to an existing intrinsic motive will _________the overall level of motivation.

Question 68

_________targets are highly structures targets designed to be maximally motivating by being specific, measurable, assignable, realistic and time-related.

Question 69

Frequency of behaviour can be manipulated by _________motives, however its quality is usually more influenced by _________motives.

Question 70

_________locus of control is associated with higher levels of motivation.

Question 71

Motivation has often been viewed in terms of drives, incentives, and needs. Characterize drive-reduction theory, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and Kenrick's revised hierarchy of needs using one example from your life

Question 72

Describe the self-efficacy and goal-setting cognitive approaches to motivation, in your answer critically compare the two approaches.

Question 73

Describe some factors that may affect individual differences in motivation. In your answer make reference to personality traits and locus of control.

Question 74

Psychologists often distinguish between two general categories of motivation. Outline the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, including research into the additive principle and undermining effect in your answer.