Deck 13: Lifespan Development

Question 1

The traditional focus of many western developmental psychologists was research on changes that occur

A) from infancy to childhood
B) from infancy to adulthood
C) from infancy through childhood and adolescence
D) throughout the entire lifespan

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The major influence of the lifespan perspective on developmental psychology was

A) the notion that development continues "from womb to tomb"
B) the idea that development begins and ends in childhood
C) the notion that development begins with conception
D) the idea that development accelerates throughout adulthood

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The sperm of a male must reach this reproductive cell in the woman's uterus for conception to occur.

A) ovum
B) secondary oocyte
C) primary oocyte
D) zygote

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Once a sperm penetrates the oocyte, it divides into the _________ and secondary polar body

A) primary oocyte
B) ovum
C) endometrium
D) zygote

Question 5

Fertilization of an egg is said to occur when

A) the sperm penetrates the oocyte
B) the egg attaches itself to the endometrium
C) the nuclei of the sperm merges with the ovum
D) the zygote enters the uterus

Question 6

The first stage of human development is the fused nucleus of a sperm cell and an ovum, also called a(n)

A) oocyte
B) zygote
C) foetus
D) embryo

Question 7

The lining of a woman's uterus to which a zygote attaches is known as the

A) endoplasmic reticulum
B) placenta
C) atrium
D) endometrium

Question 8

The zygote enters this stage of development after a period of rapid cell division

A) embryonic stage
B) foetal stage
C) placental stage
D) preborn stage

Question 9

Which of the following is true regarding the embryonic stage?

A) It is the point of rapid cell division that immediately follows fertilization.
B) It is when the second polar body fuses with the endometrium.
C) It is a stage when miscarriage might occur without the mother knowing she was pregnant.
D) It is the point at which the teratogens have the least amount of effect on development.

Question 10

An embryo receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother via the

A) placenta
B) cervix
C) atrial wall
D) planum temporal

Question 11

This part of the womb connects the embryo with the uterus and is the eventual source of the baby's naval.

A) placenta
B) umbilical cord
C) uvula
D) navel cord

Question 12

This is the term for the developing baby at the end of the embryonic stage, about eight to nine weeks after conception.

A) foetus
B) ovum
C) embryo
D) zygote

Question 13

These harmful agents, sometimes in the form of drugs and alcohol, increase the likelihood of a child being born with a congenital malformation.

A) teratogens
B) bacteria
C) estrogens
D) terroragens

Question 14

Approximately 15 percent of infants are born with problems resulting from teratogens. These and other physical abnormalities present at birth are called

A) carcinogens
B) congenital malformations
C) developmental retardations
D) innate deprivations

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the effect of prenatal tobacco exposure?

A) It increases the likelihood of baby born dependent on nicotine.
B) It leads to increases in childhood obesity.
C) It decreases the likelihood of congenital malformations.
D) It increases the odds of sudden infant death syndrome.

Question 16

Babies born with this congenital malformation, caused by a teratogen, typically have small heads, low birth weights and facial abnormalities

A) Teratogen syndrome
B) Foetal alcohol effect
C) Foetal alcohol syndrome
D) Cleft palate

Question 17

All of the following statements regarding babies born to crack addicted mothers are FALSE, except

A) They are incapable of bonding with any family member.
B) The parts of their brains involved in reasoning are malformed.
C) They sometimes exhibit short-lived motor disturbances as infants.
D) They are born addicted to cocaine and crack.

Question 18

The brain grows quickly in size as the child develops, but at the same time, seldom-used neurons are lost in order to facilitate functioning of other neurons. This process is called

A) axon myelination
B) apoptosis
C) dendritic spinning
D) synaptic pruning

Question 19

The clearest physical marker of adolescence begins when the adrenal glands first produce steroid hormones. This whole period is more commonly known as

A) puberty
B) spermarche
C) menarche
D) gonadarche

Question 20

The full maturation of the adrenal glands, known as____________ is associated with the onset of romantic and sexual feelings associated with puberty.

A) gonadarche
B) adrenarche
C) spermarche
D) menarche

Question 21

Puberty used to be considered the event marking the end of childhood because it was misattributed to the maturation of the sexual organs, known as

A) gonadarche
B) adrenarche
C) spermarche
D) menarche

Question 22

In adolescence, the brain is marked by an increase in the speed and efficiency of neural transmission in the brain, primarily associated with the expansion of the quantity of

A) white matter
B) grey matter
C) cerebrospinal fluid
D) temporal lobe matter

Question 23

One reason that risky behaviour is common in adolescence stems from the fact that

A) while the brain systems associated with emotion, reward, and gratification are fully functional, the frontal lobe is continuing to develop
B) while the brain systems associated with logic, reason, and decision-making are fully functional, the limbic system is continuing to develop
C) while the brain is sensitive to emotion, reward, and gratification, it is less sensitive to pain
D) while the brain systems associated with emotion, reward, and gratification are fully functional, the parietal lobe is continuing to develop.

Question 24

The illusory effect of parenting styles on an adolescent's development has been called

A) the nurture assumption
B) the nature assumption
C) the authoritative assumption
D) the empiricist assumption

Question 25

Paolo's is thirteen and his friendship group is very close-knit; the boys have been friends for quite a while. One day the other boys decide to try alcohol and Paolo has a drink too. This is an example of

A) peer selection
B) peer influence
C) peer neglect
D) peer bonding

Question 26

Because of the postponement of marriage or opting out of having children, a new developmental period has emerged after adolescence called

A) young adulthood
B) early adulthood
C) adolescent hood
D) middle adulthood

Question 27

Erikson proposed his psychological stages in part to explain how we form a concept of ourselves and how we fit into the world, termed

A) identity
B) personality
C) selfhood
D) individualism

Question 28

According to Erikson, if the adolescent does not integrate the conflicting selves he or she may "try on" during the identity vs. role confusion conflict, they may be unprepared to face the next conflict, termed

A) autonomy vs. self-doubt
B) generativity vs. stagnation
C) intimacy vs. isolation
D) competence vs. performance

Question 29

You overhear a man describing his life to another person at the coffee shop. He says "from 30 to 40, I learned how to succeed at work. And now, at 50, I worry less about myself and more about my children." That person is in the midst of which of Erikson's conflicts?

A) autonomy vs. self-doubt
B) generativity vs. stagnation
C) intimacy vs. isolation
D) competence vs. performance

Question 30

All of the following is true of working or choosing a career, EXCEPT:

A) even when we work strictly to earn a living we generally derive at least some meaning from our work.
B) we have become more concerned with extrinsic rather than intrinsic career rewards as the 20th century came to a close
C) women are more attracted to careers that reflect their intrinsic interests and desire to work with others and be socially useful
D) men place higher importance on "extrinsic" rewards, such as high salaries, and are attracted to careers that are high in prestige.

Question 31

As we age, the best predictor of vitality and endurance through the later years of life is

A) sex drive
B) activity level
C) cognitive impairment
D) dementia

Question 32

During this, the most significant physical change in women due to aging, a woman's ovaries cease the production of estrogen and progesterone.

A) menopause
B) pregnancy
C) ovarian cancer
D) childbirth

Question 33

The general term for serious memory loss, confusion, problems with speech and comprehension, and problems negotiating normal activities of daily life is

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) Parkinson's disease
C) dementia
D) agoraphobia

Question 34

Developmental and geriatric psychologists use this term to describe the cognitive decline that can sometimes precede dementia.

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) major cognitive impairment
C) mild cognitive impairment
D) Parkinson's disease

Question 35

Alzheimer's disease is characterized as psychological symptoms of dementia and

A) clumps of plaque and unusual tangles of protein in and around brain neurons
B) traces of infectious cells commonly considered to be a form of cancer
C) reductions in overall efficiency of communication between brain and spinal neurons
D) loss of myelination throughout the nervous system

Question 36

Dementia symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's usually involve trouble with planning actions, maintaining attention, and inhibiting inappropriate responses. These processes are usually called

A) primary functions
B) working memory functions
C) executive functions
D) background functions

Question 37

Which of the following is not a contributor to well-being in older adults?

A) having sufficient financial resources to meet one's basic needs
B) enjoying good health
C) enjoying regular sexual activity
D) experiencing a sense of meaning and purpose in life

Question 38

According to research by Duffy and Sedlacek (2007) men and women show differences in the types of careers they are attracted to, such that

A) Men place higher importance of 'extrinsic' rewards, whereas females place higher importance of 'intrinsic' rewards
B) Females place higher importance on higher salaries than males
C) Men place higher importance of 'intrinsic' rewards whereas females place higher importance of 'extrinsic' rewards
D) Men have a higher desire to work with others and be socially useful

Question 39

In a US survey of lottery winners, what percentage of people continued to work full the same job after their win

A) 24%
B) 63%
C) 10%
D) 0%

Question 40

Surveys report that marital happiness

A) contributes less to an individual's overall happiness than financial status or satisfaction with work and friendships
B) contributes equally to an individual's overall happiness than financial status or satisfaction with work and friendships
C) contributes more to an individual's overall happiness than financial status or satisfaction with work and friendships
D) does not contribute to an individual's overall happiness

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a factor that may influence a new parent's experience of parenthood

A) The hospital the baby was born
B) Family history of divorce
C) Marital status
D) Temperament of the baby

Question 42

Earlier menopause is associated with

A) number of children
B) number of sexual partners
C) cigarette smoking
D) career choice

Question 43

_ is the period leading up to the menopause when menopausal symptoms begin

A) Puberty
B) Perimenopause
C) Menopause
D) Dementia

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of menopause

A) Hot lushes
B) Pregnancy
C) headaches
D) Skin problems

Question 45

The memory of a healthy 60-year-old adult is likely to be closer to

A) that of a 10-15 year old
B) That of a 20 or 30 year old
C) That of a 75 or 80 year old
D) that of a 80 or 85 year old

Question 46

Which of the following statements is NOT true

A) Dementia normally occurs alongside again
B) Dementia does not normally occur alongside ageing
C) Dementia is found in no more than around 5% of most adults by 79
D) Around 37% of adults that are 90 or older have some form of dementia

Question 47

Kubler-Ross is known for her model of

A) dying
B) denial
C) attachment
D) ageing

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT a stage of Kubler-Ross' model.

A) depression
B) denial
C) anxiety
D) acceptance

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true

A) Culture shapes the experience of dying
B) The subjective experience of dying is the same across cultures
C) Health care systems available has no effect of subjective experience of dying
D) Patients across cultures are equally likely to accept their fate

Question 50

Though research illustrates that parenting styles may cause children to develop in certain ways, they often underestimate this influence on parenting styles

A) parent-to-teacher effect
B) child-to-parent effect
C) action-reaction effect
D) parent-to-child effect

Question 51

Although each period of the lifespan can be characterized by a typical set of abilities and concerns, the course of development can be altered as a result of experience and personal decisions throughout the life span.

Question 52

In one study, it was found that more than half of infants whose mothers smoked one pack or more per day during pregnancy experienced a reduction in various neurological problems requiring intensive care

Question 53

The onset of puberty is marked by gonadarche, the maturation of the sexual organs, and the onset of romantic and sexual feelings in adolescence

Question 54

The perceptions of imminent death and dying are similar cross-culturally

Question 55

Apart from parenting style, parents may have an influence on their children's personality and social development indirectly by influencing the choices the children make regarding peers

Question 56

The quantity of white matter-mylenated axons-increases dramatically during adolescence, while, at the same time, the quantity of grey matter-the slower, unmylenated axons-generally decreases in density.

Question 57

According to research, as children become adolescent, their friendships become less intimate and supportive, with more emphasis on belonging to a large group

Question 58

According to Erikson, a strong sense of self does not mean one will find it difficulty to initiate and maintain intimate relationships in adulthood.

Question 59

Contrary to the stereotypes of grumpy old men and women, older adults tend to report higher levels of positive mood and well-being, at least until extremely advanced age

Question 60

Though there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, the causes of the neural plaques are known to be a function of interactions between genes and environmental experience

Question 61

Harmful bacteria, viruses, and substances such as drugs or alcohol can be transferred to the developing foetus and result in _______.

Question 62

_______is a process leading to the reduction in number of seldom-used neurons to allow those that are being used frequently to be maintained efficiently.

Question 63

According to Erikson, the key conflict of middle adulthood is _________vs. ______, and is characterized by thoughts about the value of accomplishments to be passed to the next generation.

Question 64

There are wide _________differences in perceptions of imminent death and dying, with people in _________cultures expression anger and being more focused on isolation rather than experiences of pain.

Question 65

___________is one congenital disorder resulting from prenatal maternal alcohol use. Symptoms include low ______.

Question 66

At about 24 hours after fertilization, rapid cell divisions begins to occur in the ______,and after around five days the zygote attaches itself to the_____ _.

Question 67

Harris (1995) proposed the idea that parents are a much _________influence on the development of children and adolescents, arguing that _________instead are the more important single influence on development.

Question 68

The __________emphasises the importance of not only studying infancy and childhood but instead emphasises studying human development throughout life.

Question 69

Curiosity at the ___________frequently encompasses exploration of adult anatomy and sexuality.

Question 70

_________is a brain syndrome caused by biological deteriorations of the brain. Contrary to stereotypes, it does not normally occur alongside _____.

Question 71

Human prenatal development is a complex series of events that unfold in the womb of the mother. Describe the physical development of an infant starting with conception through birth. In your answer, give one example of a teratogen and how it might affect the developing baby. Also, give one example of a congenital malformation.

Question 72

Adolescence is characterised as a period of change. Describe some of the changes that occur throughout adolescence. In your answer refer to the adolescent brain and peer relations.

Question 73

Kubler-Ross outlined a series of stages that are believed to occur during the process of dying. Describe Kubler-Ross's model of dying and discuss the cultural perspective of dying.

Question 74

Erik Erikson was a Freudian psychoanalyst who believed that each stage of development is characterised by a particular development conflict. Describe Erikson's theory of lifespan development. In your answer make reference to the developmental conflict that occurs in this stage.