Deck 12: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Though newborn babies require a long period of time to develop language skills, evidence suggests that, while in the womb

A) they begin to distinguish language sounds from non-language sounds
B) they can identify the scent of their mother while she is reading
C) they can distinguish between their mother's and father's voices
D) they can distinguish between their mother's voice and a strange female's voice

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is true regarding the milestones of an infant's motor development?

A) At least 50 percent of babies will have attempted walking by 6 months.
B) The age at which one child achieves a milestone does not necessarily predict the age that he or she will achieve the next.
C) The age at which a child first begins to walk predicts the sequence of the rest of their motor developmental trajectory.
D) There is cause for concern if one twin's motor development lags less than a month behind the other.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In developmental psychology, empiricism refers to

A) the innate abilities or tendencies babies illustrate at birth
B) the mental characteristics acquired through experience
C) the interaction of genes and environments during infancy
D) the process of moving from reflexes to voluntary movements

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Nativism is the developmental view that babies enter the world

A) with a set of innate abilities
B) with a sensitivity to all environmental input
C) with a blank slate; ready to learn
D) with no awareness of the visual aspects of their environments

Question 5

To say that Jean Piaget's theories of cognitive development are "constructivist" means that a child

A) is pre-equipped with most of the knowledge he or she will need for early life
B) passively receives information through environmental sources
C) actively builds an understanding of the world based on his or her experience
D) proceeds through a series of stages toward understanding quantities

Question 6

According to Piaget, these units of knowledge are cognitive models that children and adults construct of what the world is and how it works.

A) assimilations
B) schemas
C) accommodations
D) conservations

Question 7

When Genevieve, was about 12 months old, she had just learned the word "ball." One night she looked up, pointed to the moon and delightedly observed, "Ball!" This is an example of

A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) schema acquisition
D) language detection

Question 8

When primary school children's knowledge of birds is altered or expanded so that includes examples like penguin and ostrich, this developmental phenomena has probably occurred

A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) schema acquisition
D) language detection

Question 9

This stage of Piaget's developmental theory begins at birth and involves only simple responses to internal and external events.

A) pre-operations
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 10

Two-month-old Jacqueline has some understanding of object permanence because she reacts to her mother's attempts to engage in games of peek-a-boo. According to Piaget Jacqueline is in this stage of development.

A) sensorimotor
B) pre-operations
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 11

When mum tries to play with seven-month-old Willie, she is frustrated because he won't reach for objects that she covers with her hands or a blanket. Willie has thus, not developed

A) sensorimotor skills
B) object permanence
C) concrete operations
D) formal logic

Question 12

Three-year-old Gustavo has begun to use two and three word sentences and is very good at explaining what activities he'd like to engage in when his baby-sitter arrives. Gustavo is in this stage of development.

A) pre-operations
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 13

Many preoperational children are highly verbal but have trouble describing the world from any perceptual perspective but their own. This type of thinking is termed

A) conservative
B) unobjective
C) egocentric
D) data-driven

Question 14

As a child moves from the pre-operational to the concrete operational stage, they begin to develop the understanding that an object may retain its identity even if its appearance is changed for some reason. This ability is called

A) egocentrism
B) physicality
C) conservation
D) confirmation

Question 15

The false-belief task depicts a situation where children must understand that their own knowledge of the true facts of a situation may conflict with someone else's false beliefs about the situation. The task is used as a test of this.

A) conservation
B) theory of mind
C) egocentrism
D) concrete operations

Question 16

Theory of mind, or the ability for children to understand that other people think and have minds, just as they do, develops during this stage.

A) pre-operations
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 17

Eight-year-old Simian knows that when his teacher pours liquid from one of two identical containers into a taller, slimmer container, the amount of liquid is the same in both containers. Simian is most likely in this developmental stage.

A) pre-operations
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 18

The concrete operations stage differs from the formal operations stage in that

A) the child can only perform logic in the formal operations stage
B) the child can perform abstract logic only in the first stage
C) the child can perform abstract logic only in the second stage
D) the child can read and write only in the second stage

Question 19

Though there is considerable debate about this stage of Piaget's developmental theory, he asserted that all adolescents and adults live the rest of their lives within it

A) pre-operations
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 20

Which of the following is not a valid critique of Piaget's stage-theory of cognitive development

A) Piaget's theory describes development, but does not explain how it happens.
B) Piaget did not sufficiently account for sociocultural influences on development.
C) Piaget overemphasized notion of stages of development.
D) Piaget's theory has not led to the development of any testable hypotheses.

Question 21

According to Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory of moral reasoning, younger adolescents should demonstrate this level of morality.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) epiconventional

Question 22

The most important scientific criticism levelled at Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory of moral reasoning is that

A) the tests of moral reasoning do not predict moral behavior
B) the views about morality have changed since Kohlberg's model was described
C) the theory is biased toward adolescents and adults
D) the tests are better representations of how children and adults will act than how they feel about morality.

Question 23

Haidt (2001) stated that moral judgments are frequently intuitive and emotional rather than rational, and so his theory is called

A) intuitive positive psychology
B) social Darwinism
C) social intuitionism
D) intuitive morality

Question 24

Haidt (2001) proposed that members of western cultures often utilized this foundation of morality when evaluating moral scenarios.

A) respect for authority
B) loyalty to one's group
C) purity and sanctity
D) fairness and justice

Question 25

This ability to understand another person's state of mind or experience is thought to underlie the development of moral reasoning and behaviour.

A) compassion
B) empathy
C) apathy
D) sociability

Question 26

Researchers have found that children much younger than four appear to demonstrate some understanding of the reasoning underlying behaviour. This is known as

A) Intentional reasoning
B) Moral judgement
C) False belief
D) Theory of mind

Question 27

The social constructivist theory is associated with

A) Jean Piaget
B) Lev Vyotsky
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 28

The zone of proximal development is

A) the conceptual gap between the complexity of learning that a learner can master on their own and the complexity of learning which they can potentially master with the help of an expert instructor
B) the developmental stage lasting from approximately age 2 to 7, characterized by unthinking responses to internal and external stimuli and events.
C) the developmental stage lasting from approximately age 7 to 11 or 12, characterized by mastery of tasks involving the application of logic.
D) the understanding that an object may retain its identity even if its appearance has changed

Question 29

The process by which the expert instructor provides assistance are collectively called

A) nurturing
B) zoning
C) scaffolding
D) constructivism

Question 30

For Piaget, cognitive development was

A) a completely domain-general process
B) a completely domain-specific process
C) independent of language development
D) the end point of childhood

Question 31

Kohlberg divided these specific stages into _ broad levels

A) six
B) three
C) two
D) four

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT one of the broad levels of moral development according to Kohlberg

A) Conventional morality
B) Unconventional morality
C) Preconvention morality
D) Postconventional morality

Question 33

According to Kohlberg, this stage is generally characteristic of younger school-aged children, and describes moral judgements based on the prospect of reward or punishment

A) Conventional morality
B) Unconventional morality
C) Preconvention morality
D) Postconventional morality

Question 34

According to Kohlberg, this stage is generally characteristic of older school-age children and many adolescents and adults, is based on respect for law, social norms, and rules set by parents and other authorities

A) Conventional morality
B) Unconventional morality
C) Preconvention morality
D) Postconventional morality

Question 35

According to Kohlberg, this stage is generally characteristic of some older adolescents and adults, involves more complex personal judgments based on abstract principles, such as fairness or justice.

A) Conventional morality
B) Unconventional morality
C) Preconvention morality
D) Postconventional morality

Question 36

According to Kohlberg, each level of moral development is

A) Less complex than the stage that came before it
B) More adequate than the level that came before it
C) Differs depending on cultural norms
D) Less adequate than the level that came before it

Question 37

This term describes a situation when one is convinced that something is wrong but unable to explain why

A) The zone of proximal development
B) Oblivious scenario
C) Morally dumbfounded
D) Moral dilemma

Question 38

This theory proposes that moral judgements are frequently intuitive and emotional rather than rational

A) Moral humanistic theory
B) Kohlberg's theory
C) Formal operations theory
D) Social intuitionism theory

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT one of the five foundations of morality

A) Fairness and justice
B) Purity and sanctity
C) Respect for authority
D) Right and wrong

Question 40

Jean Decety and colleagues tested the connection between empathy and morality in children from a neuroscientific perspective. Which method did they use?

A) TMS
B) fMRI
C) Blood tests
D) Eye-tracking

Question 41

Decety et al (2008) found when viewing images of pain, children

A) showed decreased activity in brain regions associated with experiencing first-hand pain
B) showed increased activity in brain regions associated with experiencing first-hand pain
C) showed no difference in activity in brain region associated with experiencing first-hand pain
D) began to cry and were withdrawn from the experiment

Question 42

This approach proposed that each cognitive function depends on a brain system or module

A) Innatist modular approach
B) Domain-general approach
C) Social constructivism approach
D) Positive psychology approach

Question 43

The Sally-Anne story is a task used to assess

A) Moral judgements
B) False belief understanding
C) Language skills
D) Motor skills

Question 44

Children with this disorder typically have difficulty with theory of mind and lag several years behind others in false belief tasks

A) Social anxiety disorders
B) Mood disorders
C) Autistic spectrum disorders
D) Psychosis

Question 45

During the process of transmission, cultural tools initially exist on an

A) Intermental plane
B) Zone of proximal development
C) Intramental plane
D) spectrum

Question 46

The ZPD have been retrospectively termed

A) The critical periods
B) The core stages
C) scaffolding
D) The intermental plane

Question 47

This term refers to the internal and individual motivation to master understanding

A) schemas
B) agency
C) reliability
D) independence

Question 48

These stages are age-related periods of development with distinct boundaries, and that reflect qualitatively different types of cognitive activity

A) Sensorimotor stages
B) Developmental stages
C) Vygotsky stages
D) Theory of mind

Question 49

Wynn's (1992) work with 5-month old infants provided evidence that

A) Small infants do not have a concept of number
B) small infants are able to understand basic addition and subtraction.
C) Small infants did not differentiate their looking tie as a function of the task
D) Small infants could not attend to cognitive tasks

Question 50

Jean Piaget suggested instead that each infant and child passively assimilates an understanding of the world based on his or her sensory input, but does not do much in the way of actively constructing a model of the world

Question 51

The preoperational child may also have difficulty performing mental operations requiring an understanding that, for example, an object may retain its identity even if its appearance is changed for some reason.

Question 52

Vygotsky and Piaget both emphasized that cognitive growth in the child is highly variable and dependent on the individual child's social and cultural experiences and the broader sociocultural context as expressed in phenomena such as language.

Question 53

Tests of moral reasoning, like Kohlberg's, do not actually measure or observe moral reasoning in children and adolescents and do not predict moral behaviour

Question 54

Williams syndrome is characterised by low verbal scores and social interaction but high scores on non-verbal IQ

Question 55

Soon after birth, babies are able to distinguish their mothers face and voice from others.

Question 56

According to the social constructivism theory, learning takes place when children cross zones of proximal development

Question 57

The nativist position holds that infant knowledge and perception is acquired through experience.

Question 58

According to Piaget's constructivist theory of development, mental structures also known as schema, become more sophisticated with age.

Question 59

Intentional reasoning has been found to develop from around 4 years of age

Question 60

When children began to notice the many differences between various examples of categories they _________the new information by altering their existing schemas

Question 61

The __________level of morality, characteristic of older adolescents and adults, involves more complex personal judgments based on abstract principles, such as fairness or justice.

Question 62

Within a few hours of birth, infants prefer to _________at, and will increase their __________in response to images of their mother's face.

Question 63

According to Piaget's constructivist theory, __________mark the onset of adolescents, adolescents can juggle ideas and apply logical reasoning in a system manner.

Question 64

Kolhberg's work on moral reasoning in children has received critique stating that tests of moral reason are not able to _________moral reasoning and may not _________moral behaviour.

Question 65

Louie is convinced that something is wrong but he is unable to explain why. Louie is ________.

Question 66

Children on the __________have difficulty with theory of mind and lag several years behind others in false belief tasks

Question 67

Wynn (1992) presented correct and incorrect 'solutions' to addition and subtraction 'problems' to a group of 5-month-olds month-old infants and found that infants stared _________at the _________solutions.

Question 68

__________is the understanding that objects continue to exist when they are no longer in view.

Question 69

The gap between what a child can understand alone and what they have the potential to understand after interaction with others is known as the ______.

Question 70

According to Jean Piaget, babies construct meaning from their environment. Describe the push and pull of the two learning processes known as assimilation and accommodation, and briefly describe each stage in Piaget's 4-stage theory of cognitive development.

Question 71

Theory of mind is the cognitive ability perceive the thoughts, emotions and intentions of other people. Describe the measure that has been most widely used as a measure of ToM, what does this tell us about the development of ToM in children?

Question 72

Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory of moral reasoning describes moral development as occurring in a series of universal, invariant stages. Describe Kohlberg's theory making reference to the three levels of moral development.

Question 73

Piaget believed that children passed through four distinct stages of development that were invariant-that is, everyone passed through them, and they always occurred in the same order. Describe Piaget's developmental stages, making reference to the development of cognitive skills at this time.